新托福網(wǎng)考閱讀推論題解析
2014-12-25 16:15:52留學(xué)網(wǎng)整理
推論題(Inference):文章中有些論點(diǎn)/觀點(diǎn)沒有明確闡述,但卻強(qiáng)烈暗示出來了。例如,文章論述的結(jié)果引出了,推論題就可能就造成結(jié)果的起因提問。如果文中有比較,推論題就可能問做比較的基礎(chǔ)是什么。如果文中有對(duì)某一新現(xiàn)象的明確闡述,推論題就可能要求推論舊現(xiàn)象的特征。推論題雖然是傳統(tǒng)題型,但難度很大,需要考生花大功夫準(zhǔn)備。
例題:
Passage:…The nineteenth century brought with it a burst of new discoveries and inventions that revolutionized the candle industry and made lighting available to all. In the early-to-mid-nineteenth century, a process was developed to refine tallow (fat from animals) with alkali and sulfuric acid. The result was a product called stearin. Stearin is harder and burns longer than unrefined tallow. This breakthrough meant that it was possible to make tallow candles that would not produce the usual smoke and rancid odor. Stearins were also derived from palm oils, so vegetable waxes as well as animal fats could be used to make candles…
Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about candles before the nineteenth century?
a)They did not smoke when they were burned.
b)They produced a pleasant odor as they burned.
c)They were not available to all.
d)They contained sulfuric acid.
[解析]
正確答案是C。這一段的第一句就告訴我們:19世紀(jì)的一些新發(fā)明和發(fā)現(xiàn)也對(duì)蠟燭工業(yè)產(chǎn)生了一次巨大的革命,這次革命使得所有的人都使用上了照明。從這句話中我們可以得到兩層信息:19世紀(jì)蠟燭工業(yè)有了一次革命性的變化;在沒有這次變革之前,也就是在19世紀(jì)以前,照明并不是所有人都能使用的。因?yàn)樽髡咴谡務(wù)摰氖窍灎T的變革,所以這里所說的“lighting照明”一定是與蠟燭有關(guān)的照明,其實(shí)也就是告訴我們19世紀(jì)以前并不是所有人都能夠使用到蠟燭帶來的照明,這一推論出的信息正好與選項(xiàng)C吻合。
文章第一句同時(shí)也是一個(gè)時(shí)間的分水嶺,告訴我們19世紀(jì)蠟燭工業(yè)的變革是怎么樣的。“在19世紀(jì)早期到中期,蠟燭處理工藝使用alkali和sulfuric acid來提煉tallow,提煉后的產(chǎn)品就是stearin,stearin比未經(jīng)提煉的tallow堅(jiān)硬而且燃燒得更久。這一巨大的變化意味著制造出不產(chǎn)生煙和rancid味道的蠟燭是可能的。”在這里的一個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞是rancid,意思是(油脂食物,其味道、氣味)不新鮮的;腐臭的;正好與選項(xiàng)b的 pleasant odor相反。19世紀(jì)前的蠟燭產(chǎn)生usual smoke(經(jīng)常有煙),這與選項(xiàng)a相反。Sulfuric acid是19世紀(jì)用來處理fallow的材料,在19世紀(jì)以前是沒有使用的,這與選項(xiàng)d相反。