高三英語教案:《語法介詞及介詞短語》教學設(shè)計
來源:精品學習網(wǎng) 2018-11-13 18:15:06
【考綱解讀】
介詞主要考查近義詞的用法區(qū)別、介詞的特定含義、介詞和連詞易混淆的項目、介詞的固定用法等,在2011年和2012年全國各地高考試題中,都涉及到介詞的考查,不僅在單項填空中進行考查,在短文改錯題中,對于介詞的有無、介詞與其他詞的固定搭配的考查尤為頻繁。筆者認為因為介詞的用法非常普遍,它關(guān)系到句子的上下銜接,所以以后的高考題介詞仍然是一個考查熱點。
高考研究介詞是英語中比較活躍的詞,中學階段所學的介詞有40多個。它與名詞、形容詞、副詞和動詞等構(gòu)成搭配時用法靈活,意義豐富。搭配比較活躍的介詞主要有in,out,up,down,on,off,to,from,for,over,with等。預測今后高考介詞的考查將以介詞的固定短語和介詞辨析為主。在學習介詞時,應重點掌握介詞的基本用法,同時注意總結(jié)其與名詞、形容詞、副詞、動詞等搭配構(gòu)成的短語的意思和用法。
【知識要點】
介詞又叫前置詞,是一種虛詞。
1.介詞可按其構(gòu)成分為:
(1)簡單介詞,即一個介詞,如about,at,in,of,since等。
(2)復合介詞,由兩個介詞組成,如as for,as to,out of等。?
(3)二重介詞,由兩個介詞搭配而成,但沒有復合介詞那樣固定,如from under,from behind,until after,except in等。?
(4)短語介詞,由短語構(gòu)成,如?according? to,because of,in spite of,on behalf of,with reference to等。?
(5)分詞介詞,由現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成,如regarding,concerning,including等。
2.介詞還可按其詞義分為下列常見的幾種:
(1)表地點(包括動向),如about,
above,across,after,along,among,around,at,before,behind,below,beneath,beside,between,beyond,by,down,from,in,into,near,off,on,over,through,throughout,to,towards,under,up,upon,with,within,without等。?
[注]有不少表地點的介詞可表動向,除很明顯的across,around,over,towards,near外,還有among,behind,beneath,between,on,to,under等。
(2)表時間,如about,after,around,as,at,before,behind,between,by,during,for,from,in,into,of,on,over,past,since,through,throughout,till(until),to,towards,within等。?
(3)表除去,如besides,but,except等。?
(4)表比較,如as,like,above,over等。?
(5)表反對,如against,with等。?
(6)表原因、目的,如for,with,from等。?
(7)表結(jié)果,如to,with,without等。?
(8)表手段、方式,如by,in,with等。?
(9)表所屬,如of,with等。?
(10)表條件,如on,without,?considering?等。?
(11)表讓步,如despite,in spite of等。?
(12)表關(guān)于,如about,concerning,?regarding?,with regard to,as for,as to等。?
(13)表對于,如to,for,over,at,with等。?
(14)表根據(jù),如on,according to等。?
(15)表其他,如for(贊成),without(沒有)等。?
(一)介詞的句法功能
介詞不能獨立在句中做成份,介詞后必須與名詞、代詞、或動名詞構(gòu)成介詞短語在句中充當一個成份,表示人、物、事件等與其它人、物、事件等之間的關(guān)系。
1、作定語:The book on the table is mine.
2、作狀語:We have breakfast at seven.(表時間);They were late for meeting because of the heavy rain.(表原因);They started the machine by pressing the button.(表方法)
3、作表語:My dictionary 中學is in the bag.
4、作賓語補足語:I found him in the office.
(二)主要介詞區(qū)別
1、表示時間的at, in, on:at表示片刻的時間,如:at 8 o’clock ,常用詞組有:at noon, at night, at midnight, at the end of, at that time, at the beginning of, at the age of, at Christmas, at New Year等。in表示一段的時間,如:in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening, in October, in 1998, in summer, in the past, in the future等。on總是跟日子有關(guān),on Monday, on Christmas morning, on the following, on May Day, on a warm morning等。
2、表示時間的since和from:since表示從過去到現(xiàn)在的一段時間的過程,常與現(xiàn)在完成時連用。from表示從時間的某一點開始,不涉及與現(xiàn)在的關(guān)系。一般多與現(xiàn)在時、過去時、將來時連用。如:I hope to do morning exercises from today./ We have not seen each other since 1995.
3、表示時間的in和after:兩者都表示“在(某個時間)之后,區(qū)別在于in表示“在(一段時間)之后”,而after則表示“在(某一具體時間點之后)”,in短語和將來時態(tài)連用,after短語和過去時態(tài)或?qū)頃r態(tài)連用。如:We’ll be back in three days./ After seven the rain began to fall./ What shall we do after graduation?
注意:after有時也可以表示在一段時間之后(常用在過去時里)。如:After two months he returned.
4、表示地理位置的in, on, to:in表示在某范圍內(nèi),on指與什么毗鄰,to指在某環(huán)境范圍之外。如:Changchun is in the northeast of China./ Mongolia is on the north of China./ Japan is to the east of China.
5、表示“在……上”的on和in:on只表示在某物的表面上,而用in表示占去某物一部分。 如:There is a book on the piece of paper./ There is an interesting article in the newspaper./ He dug a hole in the wall.
6、表示“穿過……”的through和across:through表示從內(nèi)部通過,與in 有關(guān);across則表示從一端至另一端在表面上的通過,與on有關(guān)。如: Water flows through the pipe./ The old man walked across the street.
7、in the corner, on the corner, at the corner:in the corner 表示在角落里,in指角的內(nèi)面;on the corner表示“在角上”,on指的不是內(nèi)面,也不是外面,而含內(nèi)外兼有之意;at the corner指“在拐角處”,at指的是拐角外附近的外面。如:The lamp stands in the corner of the room./ I met with him at the street corner./ He sat on the corner of the table.
8、in the end, at the end of, by the end of:in the end作“最后”、“終于”解,可單獨使用,后不接介詞of;at the end of 表示“在……末梢”,“到……盡頭”,既可指時間,也可以指地上或物體。不可單獨使用;by the end of 作“在……結(jié)束時”,“到……末為止”解,只能指時間。不可單獨使用。如:In the end they reached a place of safety./ At the end of the road stands a beautiful garden./ They decided to have an English evening at the end of this week./ by the end of last month he had finished the novel.
9、表示“關(guān)于”的about 和on:兩者都有“關(guān)于”的意思,不過前者為一般用詞,而后者為較正式的“論述”。如:He came to tell me about something important./ He wrote a book on science.
10、between, among:一般說來,between表示兩者之間,among用于三者或三者以上的中間。如:You are to sit between your father and me./ He is always happy among his classmates.
注意:但有時說的雖然是三個以上的人或東西,如果強調(diào)的是兩兩相互間接關(guān)系,適用于between。如:Agreements were made between the different countries. 在談到一些事物或一組事物,而把它們視為分居兩邊時用between。如:The little valley lies between high mountains.。在談事物間的差別時,總是用between。如:They don’t know the difference between wheat, oats and barley.
11、besides, except, but, except for:besides指“除了……還有,再加上”。如:All went out besides me.;except指“除了,減去什么”,不能放在句首。如:All went out except me.;but 與except意思近似,表示“除了……外”經(jīng)常用在no, all, nobody, anywhere, everything等和其他疑問詞后面。如:I never saw him reading anything but the newspaper.;except for表示“如無……就,只是”表明理由細節(jié)。如:His diary is good except for a few spelling mistakes.。
12、表示“用”的in和with:表示工具的“用”,用with,而表示材料、方式、方法、度量、單位、語言、聲音等的“用”,用in。如:He is writing a letter with a pen./ He wrote the letter in pencil./ We measured it in pounds./ Read the text in a loud voice./ Tell me the story in English.
13、in charge of和in the charge of:兩者都表示“由誰負責、照顧、管理”。區(qū)別在于:in charge of后接被照管的人或物,而in the charge of后面則跟照管的人。如:Who is in charge of the project?/ The project is in the charge of an engineer.。
14、as, like:as作“作為”、“以……地位或身份”解。如:Let me speak to you as a father.(事實是父親);like作“象……一樣”解。如:Let me speak to you like a father.(事實上不是父親)。
15、in front of 和in the front of:in front of = before,是“在……前面”的意思(不在某物內(nèi)); in the front of則是“在……前部”的意思(在某物內(nèi))。如:There is a desk in front of the blackboard./ The boy sat in the front of the car.。
16、in, into:into表示動向,不表示目的地或位置。如:We walked into the park.;in通常表示位置。如:We walked in the park;in和drop, fall, put, throw, break等終止性動詞連用時,也可以表示動向。如:I have put the coin in (into) my pocket.我把硬幣放進衣袋。
復習時需注意的要點
1、介詞一般放在名詞之前,但它后面的介詞賓語是疑問代詞、疑問副詞或者關(guān)系代詞時,這些詞提到了前面而只剩下介詞在后了。
2、 介詞和動詞、形容詞、名詞等常常構(gòu)成固定搭配,也就是說,在這些詞的后面常常要求用一定的介詞。這一點在學習時要特別注意。如:
a.動詞+介詞:laugh at, wait for
b.形容詞、過去分詞+介詞:be good at, be proud of
c名詞+介詞:pay a visit to , the key to
3、 表示選擇關(guān)系的連詞,連接的雙方只取其一。常用連詞有or, either...or, otherwise
例如:
a) You can go to Beijing either today or tomorrow.
b) You must get up early or you won’t catch the early bus.
4、 表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系,連接的雙方構(gòu)成對比,意義上有轉(zhuǎn)折。常用連詞有but, however, while, only
例如:
a) His brother is fond of football while he likes basketball.
b) You can watch TV, but you must finish your homework first.
5、 表示聯(lián)合關(guān)系,聯(lián)合的雙方是對等的,意義上趨向一致。常用連詞有:and, both...and, neither...nor, not only...but also, as well as
To study English well, we need both diligence and careful.
That horse is not only the youngest among the five, but also runs the fastest.
6、 表示因果關(guān)系,連接的雙方,互為因果,或者前因后果,或者前果后因。常用的連詞有:for, so
例如:
It must have rained, for the ground is wet.
【考點詮釋】
考點1 常見介詞的活用
by,with,against,over,on,in,at,besides,for等是?嫉慕樵~。掌握這些介詞的用法和意義、準確把握句子語境是解題的關(guān)鍵。下面是近年高考考查最多的幾個介詞,應重點掌握:
1.over可表位置,意為“在……上方,越過;遮住,蓋住”,也可表時間,意為“在……期間,(多年)以來”等,它還有“在……(問題)上,對(某事)”等引申意義。如:
①Y0u can’t wear a blue jacket over that shirt—it’II look terrible.你不能在那件襯衣外面再穿上藍色的夾克——太難看了。
、赪e had a pleasant chat over a cup of tea.我們一邊喝茶一邊愉快地交談。
、踂e heard it over the radio.我們從廣播中聽到了它。
2.by的主要意思有“在……旁,靠近;乘(車、船等);不遲于;到……為止;被,由;根據(jù),按照(關(guān)系);通過……方式”等,還可以用來表示增加或減少的程度。by構(gòu)成的常見短語有:
by and by不久,遲早 by and large大體上
by oneself單獨 by the way順便說說
by far……得多,最…… by chance碰巧
by accident偶然地 by means of借助
by no means絕不,一點也不 by mistake錯誤地
①The water in the river rose by two meters.河水上漲了兩米。
②He is an Englishman by birth.他在血統(tǒng)上是英國人。
3.with可以用來表示“帶有,擁有;隨著;就……來說;用,以;和,與;對于,關(guān)于”等意思。with還可用來表示原因。如:
、貶e turned red with anger.他氣得臉變紅了。
、赥he problem with looking into space from the earth is that there is a lot of dust in the earth’s air.從地球上觀察太空存在一個問題,就是地球的大氣中有大量的塵埃。
4.beyond這個詞同學們平時接觸的機會不是太多,但它卻是一個考查熱點。beyond表示“(時間)過了,比……晚,遲于;(位置)在……那邊,超出……之外;(范圍)超過,為……所
不及,超出……的范圍”等意思。如:
、賂hey arrived beyond nine o’clock.他們過了9:00才到。
、赥he book is beyond me.這本書我看不懂。
、跿om is far beyond his elder brother in maths.湯姆的數(shù)學比他哥哥的好多了。
考點2 介詞的固定搭配-
高考主要考查學生對固定短語的掌握程度、對短語意義的了解以及介詞在這些固定搭配中的應用。
1.名詞詞組:on the contrary相反;in turn依次;in one’s opinion根據(jù)某人的看法;off time準時;out of reach夠不著
2.動詞詞組:remind sb of sth提醒某人某事;rob sb of sth搶劫某人的……;restdt from由……引起;call at訪問(某地)
3.形容詞詞組:be curious about對……好奇;be proud of因……而自豪;be popular with受到……的歡迎
4.介詞短語:apart from除……Pb;in addition to除……之外(還);because of因為;instead of代替;in fear of為……提心吊膽;for fear of以免;in case of防備;thanks to由于;in the middle of在……中間;according to根據(jù);in front of在……前面;in return for作為對……的回報;in charge of負責;as a result of作為……的結(jié)果;in exchange for與……交換等
典例: Nowadays some hospitals refer to patients ______ name, not case number.
A of B as C by D with
【答案】C
【解析】考查介詞辨析。句意:如今有些醫(yī)院是以姓名來查閱患者的,而不是憑病例編號(去查詢的)。by name按姓名.
考點3核心介詞用法歸納與辨析
1.表示時間的介詞in的用法如下。表示在某一較長時間內(nèi),如世紀、年、月、季、周等一般用介詞in,如:in the 1990s,in January,in(the)winter
in和during表一段時間內(nèi)兩詞可互用。如:in the night,during the night,in the war,during the war。但略有區(qū)別:當接表示“活動”的抽象名詞時多用during,接“活動”的動名詞及短語時用in。如:during the discussion/in discussing the problem during her stay in Hubei/in playing basketball/during the course of/in digging the tunnel
2.在具體的某一天或某天上午、晚上、前夕,常用on。
3.表示某一時刻或某一點時間用at,如小時、分鐘等。
有些時間名詞前有one,each,any,every,some,all,next,last,that修飾時,不接介詞。如:
that day,next Sunday some day,one day
4.till、until、to的用法。
(1)till(until)與持續(xù)動詞連用一般用于肯定句中,與短暫動詞連用一般用在否定句中。如:
He waited for me till twelve o’clock.
He didn’t get up till (until) 10 a.m.(不可用to)
但注意:在句首出現(xiàn)或強調(diào)句型中一般不用till而用?until?。如:
Not until 9 a.m.did Mr.Smith come back to school.
(2)to表“終結(jié)”時常和from連用,但要注意不與from連用時的意義。如:
from July to September,from six to (till) eight(從……到……為止),但from morning till night(從早到晚),不能用to。
5.表示方式、手段、工具的介詞
(1)by the year/hour/day按年/小時/天,但to the pound按磅算,to the ton按噸計。
(2)表泛指的方式、手段:by post,by telephone(radio),但on the phone/on the radio/on TV(電訊器材),by electricity,by hard work,learn sth.by heart,through the satellite,through practice,through his own efforts,through experience,through the telescope
(3)交通工具類。另外:by means of 用……方法,by way of 經(jīng)由,取道于,用……方法;with the help(permission)of sb./with sb.’s help(permission)“在……幫助下”。
(4)表方式、手段的其他用法。
He beat the dog with a whip.(with+工具、機器)
One smells with his nose.(with+人體器官,但by hand“手工,用手”)
He stood up with pride.(with+情緒、情感、態(tài)度的名詞)
注意:使用語言、材料、文字等用in。如in English(ink,pencil)。另外如:
in high(good,low)spirits,in anger,in joy,in comfort,in sorrow,in safety,in danger,in need,in debt,in love,in fun,in pain,in tears,in surprise, in good(poor)health,in good order,in flower,in a way,in a low voice,in silence,in(with)satisfaction,in a hurry,in(with)words,live/feed on food,kneel on one’s knee,take(catch)sb.by surprise(出其不意)
6.表示“除……之外”的幾組常用介詞比較。
(1)besides “除……以外,(還有)”。作副詞時意思是“而且,更何況”。如:
It was too late to see a film,and besides,I was tired.
(2)except“除去,除……之外(不再有)”。如:
We all went except John.
在否定句中,兩詞可以換用,如:
He has no other hats except/besides this one.
(3)except for“除了……(對句子主題進行細節(jié)校正或附加說明)”后接名詞、代詞或what從句,此時與except that+句子意思相同。如:
He was very clever except for carelessness.
(4)except that...“除了……一點以外”。如:
He has not changed except that he is wearing dark glasses.
(5)but和except在表示“除了……以外”時可以通用,但應注意以下三點:前面有不定人詞、疑問代詞在意義上對稱時,多用but。All but one are here.Nobody but I likes making model ships.后接不定式短語為排除對象時,多用but。He has nothing to do but wait.(前有do,后省to);but與一些固定結(jié)構(gòu)連用。have no choice but to do sth.只得做某事,can not but do sth.不得不,can not help but do sth.不得不……,but for...如不是……
7.介詞的省略:
介詞for表示時間的省略要求。
(1)以all開頭的名詞短語,for要省略。如:
I stayed with her all the morning.
(2)否定句中,表示時間的短語前的for不能省略。如:
I haven’t seen you for thirty years.
(3)時間狀語在主句之前,for不能省略。如:
For the whole morning,the old man kept reading.
8.某些名詞與介詞構(gòu)成的固定搭配。
(1)要求接to的名詞有:key,answer,visit,entrance,apology,introduction,road等。
(2)要求接in 的名詞有:interest,satisfaction,expert等。
He is expert in teaching small children.
介詞的用法很繁雜,要在平時注意積累。
【試題放送】
【2012湖北卷】25. The furniture, with its modern style and bright colors, suits modern houses and their gardens, but looks _______ in the garden of a traditional home
A. out of question B. out of order C. out of sight D. out of place
【答案】D
【考點】考查介詞短語辨析。難度中等。
【解析】句意為:這套家具款式新潮,色澤明麗,與新式房屋和花園配套,但看起來與傳統(tǒng)的房子和花園不相稱。D項意為“與……不相稱”,符合句意。A項意為“毫無疑問”,B項意為“次序顛倒”,C項意為“看不見”,都與句意不符。
【2012江蘇卷】29. — Thank God you're safe!
—I stepped back, just to avoid the racing car.
A. in time B. in case C. in need D. in vain
【考點】介詞短語
【答案】A
【解析】in time意為“及時”,in case意為“萬一,假使”;in need意為“需要”;in vain意為“徒勞,無濟于事”。句意為:——謝天謝地,你是安全的!——我走回去,正好避免賽車。符合題意。
【2012安徽卷】25. You can chang your job, you can move house,but friendship is meant to be life.
A. of B. on C. to D. For
【答案】D
【解析】選擇D是正確的,mean在此表示“預定,指定”。The gift is meant for you. 這份禮物是給你的。 He was meant for [to be ]an electrician. 本來是準備把他培養(yǎng)成電工的。
【2012遼寧卷】27. The Well Hotel stands in a quiet place the main road at the far end of the lake.
A. to B. for C. off D. out
【考點】介詞辨析
【答案】C
【解析】off 意思是“離開...,隔著...”,表示與……隔著一定的距離。
【2012四川卷】14. This training program can give you a lift at work, ____ increase your income by 40%.
A. as well as B. so long as C. so much as D. as soon as
14.【答案與解析】 A 本題考查介詞as構(gòu)成的短語用法區(qū)別。A意為“除…之外(還有);和”;B意為“只要”;C意為“與…一樣多”(不用于肯定句);D意為“一…就”。此題句意為:這個培訓計劃除了可以提高你的收入40%之外,還能夠讓你在工作方面得到提升。根據(jù)句意選A。
【2012陜西卷】11.An agreement seems to be impossible because the majority of the committee members are ______________ it.
A . against B. for C .to D. with
【答案】A
【考點】考查介詞。
【解析】所填介詞與系動詞be構(gòu)成固定句型,意思是:反對,選A。be for支持,贊成;be to到達;be with和……在一起,都與句意不符。
【2012屆江蘇省蘇、錫、常、鎮(zhèn)四市高三調(diào)研測試(一)】25. _____________ our foreign policy, we now have multiple threats, very few of which involve the traditional battles of the past.
A. In honour of B. In terms of C. In the form of D. In defence of
【答案】B
【解析】考查介詞短語的用法。此處In honour of用來紀念。。。; In terms of就。。。而言;談到。。。;In the form of以。。。的形式;In defence of以保護。。。;此處為“就我們的外交政策而言。”
【2012屆吉林省吉林市高三第二次模擬】28. We must read not only between the lines, but sometimes ________ the lines so that we can fully understand the writer.
A. within B. among C. besides D. beyond
【答案】D
【解析】查介詞。此處beyond the lines意為“言外之意”。
【2012屆山東省菏澤重點高中高三下學期4月模擬】27. Some students often listen to music ___ ___ classes to refresh themselves.
A. between B. among C. over D. during
【答案】A
【解析】考查介詞的用法。此處between意為“位于/處在/介于……之間”,表示兩者或每兩者之間的關(guān)系。between classes表示“課間”。among意為“在(多數(shù))之中,在……中間”,表示三者或三者以上的人或物之間的關(guān)系,指“混合或摻雜在多數(shù)可分離的人或物之間”。over 意為“越過……”。during 意為“在……的期間,在……的時候”。
【2012屆廣西桂林市、崇左市、百色市、防城港市高考聯(lián)合調(diào)研】33.—You are so excellent.
—I don’t understand what you mean saying that.
A.by B.for C.of D.in
【答案】A
【解析】考查介詞的用法。解題關(guān)鍵:句型what do you mean by 。。。句意:我不明白你那么說的意思。
【2012屆浙江杭州重點高中原創(chuàng)模擬】13. ___________ the consequences of the chemical leaks, the specialists haven’t given final conclusion before they obtain accurate statistics.
A. With regard to B. As a result of C. In spite of D. In addition to
【答案】A
【解析】考查介詞短語辨析。with regard to 意為“關(guān)于”;as a result of 意為“由于…的結(jié)果”;in spite of 意為“盡管”; in addition to 意為“除…之外”。 句意為:關(guān)于化學泄露所產(chǎn)生的后果,專家在拿到準確的數(shù)據(jù)之前,還沒有給出最后結(jié)論。故選A。
【2012屆北京海淀區(qū)高三一!29. --- I’m going to have lunch. Do you mind talking about your plan ____ lunch?
---All right. I’ll wait here in the office.
A. after B. before C. over D. until
【答案】A
【解析】考查介詞題。在看到第一句話的時候本以為考查的是over在……同時的知識點,難度較高。例如:Could you please have a talk with me over a cup of coffee?你能和我喝杯咖啡說說話嗎?表示在喝咖啡的同時說話。但是看到第二句話立刻暈倒,另一個人說在這里等,那明顯是午飯后再談,所以答案為A選項after。只要不胡亂添加中文意思,就不會誤選B選項和D選項。
【2012屆江西省上饒市第一次高考模擬】26.The director will by no means turn the actress away all she is considered the most qualified for the role.
A.because of B.regardless of C.in spite of D.despite of
【答案】A
【解析】考查介詞短語的含義。句意:導演絕不會拒絕那個演員,因為她被認為是這個角色最合格的演員。
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