備戰(zhàn)高考:高中英語語法重點難點解析歸納
2021-03-29 18:18:34網(wǎng)絡整理
備戰(zhàn)高考:高中英語語法重點難點解析歸納
主謂一致?茧y題:
Fiveminutesisenoughtodothisexercise.
Eachboyandeachgirlwantstoservethepeopleinfuture.
Morethanonestudenthasseenthefilm.
Manyashiphasbeendamagedinthestorm.
Moremembersthanoneareagainstyourplan.
一些有兩個部分構成的名詞表示衣物或工具作主語時,謂語通常用復數(shù)形式:glasses,clothes,trousers,shoes,compasses,chopsticks,scissors等。
但如果主語用akindof,apairof,aseriesof等加名詞構成時,謂語動詞一般用單數(shù)形式。Apairofshoeswasonthedesk.
并列主語如果指的是同一個人、同一事物或同一概念時,謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式,這時and后面的名詞沒有冠詞。例如:
Truthandhonestyisthebestpolicy.
Thegirl'steacherandfriendisayoungdoctor.
Toloveandtobelovedisthegreathappiness.
Goingtobedearlyandgettingupearlyisagoodhabit.
Aknifeandforkisonthetable.
當主語后面跟有aswellas,asmuchas,nolessthan,alongwith,with,like,ratherthan,togetherwith,but,except,besides,including,inadditionto等引導的詞組時,其謂語動詞的單、復數(shù)按主語的單、復數(shù)而定。例如:
Theteacheraswellasthestudentswasexcited.
Theroomwithitsfurniturewasrented.
Anumberof修飾可數(shù)復數(shù)名詞,謂語動詞用復數(shù);agreatdealof,alargeamountof修飾不可數(shù)名詞,其短語作主語時,謂語動詞用單數(shù)。
關系代詞who,that,which等在定語從句中作主語時,其謂語動詞的數(shù)應與句中先行詞的數(shù)一致。例如:
Thosewhowanttogopleasesignyournameshere.
Someoftheenergythatisusedbymancomesfromthesun.
季節(jié)、月份、星期、節(jié)日、假日、一日三餐、學科名稱,球類、棋類名詞名稱前一般不加冠詞。
1/2onehalf1/4onequarter
形容詞的順序:
系動詞be,grow,get,become,feel,appear,prove,seem,look,keep,smell,taste,sound,turn,remain限定詞+數(shù)量形容詞+性狀形容詞+大小、長短、高低等形體+新舊+顏色+國藉+材料
Thosethreebeautifullargesquareoldbrownwoodtable
某些以a-開首的形容詞例如:afraid,alike,alone,asleep,awake,alive等只能作表語,不能作定語。
某些以-ly結尾的詞是形容詞而不是副詞:friendly,lively,lovely,lonely,likely,deadly,silly,orderly,timely等。
1)close接近地closely仔細地,密切地
2)free免費地freely自由地,無拘束地
3)hard努力地hardly幾乎不
4)late晚,遲lately近來
5)most極,非常mostly主要地
6)wide廣闊地,充分地widely廣泛地
7)high高highly高度地,非常地
8)deep深,遲deeply抽象意義的“深”
9)loud大聲地loudly大聲地
10)near鄰近nearly幾乎
bad/ill,badlyworseworstlittlelessleast
表示一方不及另一方時,用“less+原級+than”的結構表示:Thisroomislessbeautifulthanthatone.
表示一方超過另一方的程度或數(shù)量時,可在比較級前加表示程度的狀語,如:even,alot,abit,alittle,still,much,far,yet,byfar等修飾:Heworksevenharderthanbefore.
注意:byfar通常用于強調最高級。用于比較級時,一般放在比較級的后面,如放在前面,應在二者中間加"the"。
Heistallerbyfarthanhisbrother.
Heisbyfarthetallerofthetwobrothers.
某些以-or結尾的形容詞進行比較時,用to代替than.superior,junior,senior等。
HeissuperiortoMrWanginmathematics.
在比較從句中為了避免重復通常用that,one代替前面出現(xiàn)的名詞。that指物,one既可指人,也可指物。that可代替可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)和不可數(shù)名詞,而one只能代替可數(shù)名詞。例如:
Thebookonthetableismoreinterestingthanthatonthedesk.
Aboxmadeofironisstrongerthanonemadeofwood.
表示倍數(shù)的比較級有如下幾種句型:
AisthreetimesthesizeofB.
Thenewbuildingisfourtimesthesizeoftheoldone.
這座新樓是那座舊樓的四倍大。[高三倍]
AisthreetimesasbigasB.
AsiaisfourtimesaslargeasEurope.亞洲是歐洲的四倍大。
AisthreetimesbiggerthanB.
例如:Yourschoolisthreetimesbiggerthanours.
你們的學校比我們的學校大三倍。
表示兩倍可以用twice或double.
表示“最高程度”的形容詞,如excellent,extreme,perfect等,沒有最高級,也不能用比較級。
如果復數(shù)名詞前有many、few,不可數(shù)名詞前有much、little等表示量的形容詞時,該用so而不用such.如:
I'vehadsomanyfallsthatI'mblackandblueallover.
MrWhitegotsolittlemoneyamonththathecouldhardlykeepbodyandsoultogether.
但little不表示數(shù)量而表示“小”的意思時,仍用such.如:
Theyaresuchlittlechildrenthatthetheycannotcleanthehousebythemselves.
6)almost與nearly
在very,pretty,not后用nearly,不用almost.例如:
I'mnotnearlyready.
在any,no,none,never前用almost,不用nearly.例如:
Ialmostneverseeher.
need表示“需要”或“必須”,作情態(tài)動詞時,僅用于否定句或疑問句中。在肯定句中一般用must,haveto,oughtto或should代替。例如:
Youneedn'tcomesoearly.
NeedIfinishtheworktoday?--Yes,youmust.
注意:needn'thavedone“表示本來不必做某事而實際上做了某事”。例如:Youneedn'thavewaitedforme.
"shouldhavedone"表示應該做到而實際上沒有做到。
Youshouldhavestartedearlier.
"oughttohavedone"表示過去應做某事而實際未做。
Yououghttohavehelpedhim
書報的標題,小說等情節(jié)介紹常用一般現(xiàn)在時。
表示感覺,愿望和狀態(tài)的某些動詞如have,be,hear,see,like等詞一般不用進行時。
有些動詞形式上是主動結構,但表示被動的意思。常見的有可和well,easily等副詞連用的不及物動詞sell,wash,write,read,clean,cook等。例如:
Theclothwasheswell.這布很經(jīng)洗。
Thenewproductsellswell.這新產(chǎn)品很暢銷。
Thepenwriteswell.這支筆很好寫。
在動詞arrange,command,demand,desire,insist,order,propose,request,require,suggest等后面的賓語從句中用“+動詞原形”例如:
Wesuggestedthatwehaveameeting.
Weinsistedthattheygowithus.
Thedoctororderedthatshestayinbedforafewdays.
Hedemandedthatwestartrightaway.
作advice,idea,order,demand,plan,proposal,suggestion,request等名詞的表語從句和同位語從句,其謂語動詞要用虛擬語氣的結構“+動詞原形”。例如:WeallagreedtohissuggestionthatwegotoBeijingforsightseeing.
Myideaisthatwedoexercisesfirst.
在feel,hear,notice,observe,see,watch,have,let,make等詞后的補足語中,不定式不帶to.但是這些句子如果變成被動結構時,就必須帶to.例如:Ioftenhearhimsingthesong.
Heisoftenheardtosingthesong.
注意:不定式動詞在介詞but,except,besides后面時,如果這些介詞之前有行為動詞do的各種形式,那么,這些介詞后的不定式不帶to,否則要帶to.如:
Shecoulddonothingbutcry.
Whatdoyouliketodobesidesswim?
Ihavenochoicebuttogo.
作定語的不定式如果是不及物動詞,或者不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞是不定式動作的地點、工具等,不定式后面須有相應的介詞。例如:Heislookingforaroomtolivein.
Thereisnothingtoworryabout.
Pleasegivemeaknifetocutwith.
There/Itisnouse/good/notanyuse/good/uselessdoingsth.
動詞后可以用動名詞作賓語,但不能用不定式:
admit,appreciate,avoid,consider,delay,enjoy,escape,excuse,feellike,finish,forgive,giveup,imagine,include,keep,mention,mind,miss,practise,putoff,resist,risk,suggest,can'thelp,can'tstand等。
Itriednottogothere.
Itrieddoingitagain.]
meantodo有意……meandoing意味著……
Imeantocomeearlytoday.
Missingthetrainmeanswaitingforanotherhour.
allow,advise,forbid,permit
Wedon'tallowsmokinghere.Wedon'tallowstudentstosmoke.
動詞need,require,want作“需要”解,其后跟動詞作它的賓語時,若表示的含義是被動的,必須用動名詞,或不定式的被動式。例如:
Thewindowneedscleaning.
在短語devoteto,lookforwardto,payattentionto,stickto,beusedto,objectto,thankyoufor,excusemefor等后的動詞也必須用動名詞形式:Ilookforwardtohearingfromyousoon.
Badlypolluted,thewatercannotbedrunk.
Beingwritteninhaste,thecompositionisfullofmistakes.
Havingbeendesertedbyhisguide,hecouldn'tfindhiswaythroughthejungle.
Askedtostay,Icouldn'tverywellrefuse.
這里asked可能意味著havingbeenasked,也可能意味著when/sinceIwasasked,但用了havingbeenasked就不會有歧義。
下面句中過去分詞表示的時間與謂語動詞所表示的時間相同,所以不能代之以強調先于謂語動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞完成被動式。例如:
Coveredwithconfusion,Ilefttheroom.我很窘地離開了房間。
United,westand;divided,wefall.團結則存,分裂則亡。
HeusedtoliveinLondon,usen'the/didn'the?
Thereusedtobeacinemaherebeforethewar,usen'tthere/didn'tthere?
Suchthingsoughtnottobeallowed,oughtthey?
Heoughttobepunished,oughtn'the?
但在正式文體中,用oughtwenot形式。例如:
Weoughttogo,oughtwenot?或Weoughttogo,shouldwenot?
含有情態(tài)動詞must的句子表示推則,作“想必”解時,疑問部分不可用mustn't.若前句強調對現(xiàn)在情況的推測,疑問部分用aren't十主語,例如:Youmustbetired,aren'tyou?若陳述部分的must表示“有必要”時,附加疑問句部分則用needn't.例如:Youmustgohomerightnow,needn'tyou?
當mustn't表示禁止時,附加疑問部分一般用must.如:
Youmustn'twalkongrass,mustyou?
前句謂語動詞是musthave+過去分詞時,若前句強調對過去情況的推測,疑問部分的謂語動詞用didn't+主語;若前句強調動作的完成,疑問部分的謂語動詞用haven't+主語,例如:
Hemusthavemetheryesterday,didn'the?
Youmusthaveseenthefilm,haven'tyou?
陳述句謂語部分出現(xiàn)否定詞綴時,疑問部分仍用否定結構。例如:Heisunfitforhisoffice,isn'the?
如果陳述部分包含有no,never,hardly,seldom,few,little,nowhere,nothing等否定或半否定詞時,疑問部分用肯定形式。例如:Heishardly14yearsold,ishe?
如果陳述部分的主語為everyone,someone,noone等不定代詞,其疑問部分的主語可用he,也可用they.
Everyoneknowshisjob,doesn'the?
Everyoneknowstheirjob,don'tthey?
Noonewashurt,werethey?
I'mlate,aren'tI?
Onecan'tbetoocareful,canone?
Haveacupoftea,willyou?
Let'sgothere,shallwe?Letusgothere,willyou?
同位語從句跟在名詞后面,進一步說明該名詞的具體內(nèi)容。引導同位語從句的名詞主要有fact,news,promise,idea,truth等。連接詞用that及連接副詞how,when,where,why等。例如:
Hisdelayisduetothefactthatthecarwentwronghalfway.
Thenewsthatourteamhaswonthematchistrue.
Sheaskedthereasonwhytherewasadelay.
關聯(lián)詞只能用whether不能用if表示“是否”的情況如下:
A)在表語從句和同位語從句中。例如:
Thequestioniswhetherthefilmisworthseeing.
Thenewswhetherourteamhaswonthematchisunknown.
B)在主語從句中,只有用it作形式主語時,whether和if都能引導主語從句,否則,也只能用whether.例如:
Whetherweshallattendthemeetinghasn'tbeendecidedyet.
Ithasn'tbeendecidedwhetherweshallattendthemeeting.
C)在介詞之后。例如:
Italldependswhethertheywillsupportus.
D)后面直接跟動詞不定式時。
Hedoesn'tknowwhethertostayornot.
E)后面緊接ornot時。
Wedidn'tknowwhetherornotshewasready.
F)引導讓步狀語從句,只能用whether.
Whetheryoulikeitornot,youmustdoitwell.
G)用if會引起歧義時。例如:Pleaseletmeknowifyoulikeit.
該句有兩個意思:“請告訴我你是否喜歡”。
或“如果你喜歡,請告訴我。”用了whether就可以避免。
在下面幾種情況下必須用"that"引導定語從句:
1)先行詞是不定代詞:all,few,little,much,something,nothing,anything等。Allthatwehavetodoistopractiseeveryday.
2)先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級所修飾。
ThefirstlessonthatIlearnedwillneverbeforgotten.
3)先行詞被all,any,every,each,few,little,no,some,等修飾。
Ihavereadallthebookyougaveme.
4)先行詞被theonly,thevery,thesame,thelast修飾時。
HeistheonlypersonthatIwanttotalkto.
5)先行詞既有人又有物時。Theytalkedofthingsandpersonsthattheyrememberedintheschool.
先行詞是表示地點時,要根據(jù)從句的謂語動詞是及物的還是不及物的。如果是及物的就用that,否則用where.
Thisisthehousewherehelivedlastyear.
Thisisthehousethathevisitedlastyear.
用nosooner…than和hardly…when引導的從句表示“剛……就……”。主句中的動詞一般用過去完成時,從句用過去時;而且主句一般倒裝,把助動詞had提到前面。例如:HardlyhadIenteredtheroomwhenIheardaloudnoise.
代詞作主語時,主謂語序不變。Hereitis.Herehecomes.
當句首狀語為表示地點的介詞詞組時也常常引起全部倒裝。
Southofthecityliesabigsteelfactory.
Fromthevalleycameafrighteningsound.
表語置于句首時,倒裝結構為“表語+連系動詞+主語”。
PresentatthemeetingwereProfessorWhite,ProfessorSmithandmanyotherguests.
GonearethedayswhentheycoulddowhattheylikedtotheChinesepeople.
AmongthegoodsareChristmastrees,flowers,candlesandtoys.
HehasbeentoBeijing.SohaveI.
LiWeican'tanswerthequestion.NeithercanI.
部分倒裝
用于省略if的虛擬條件狀語從句。Hadyoureviewedyourlessons,youmighthavepassedtheexamination.
3.用于“形容詞+as引導的讓步狀語從句中。例如:Prettyassheis,sheisnotclever.
Tryashewould,hemightfailagain.
如果從句的表語是名詞,其名詞前不加任何冠詞。
Childashewas,hehadtomakealiving.
用于nosooner…than…,hardly…when和notuntil的句型中。Notuntiltheteachercamedidhefinishhishomework.
用于never,hardly,seldom,scarcely,barely,little,often,atnotime,notonly,notonce等詞開頭的句子。
NevershallIdothisagain.
Littledidheknowwhothewomanwas.
6.用于以only開頭的句子。OnlythisafternoondidIfinishthenovel.
OnlyinthiswaycanyoumasterEnglish.
OnlywhenhetoldmedidIrealizewhattroublehewasin.
如果only后面的詞組不是狀語,則不用倒裝。
OnlyWangLingknowsthis.
用于某些表示祝愿的句子。Mayyousucceed!祝你成功!
stomach-stomachs,aGerman-threeGermans,
anAmerican-twoAmericans,mancook-mencooks;
papers報紙,文件manners禮貌drinks飲料
inaword簡言之?inotherwords換句話說
havewordswith與某人吵嘴
haveafewwordswithsb.與某人說幾句話
Thecrowdwererunningfortheirlives.
某些集體名詞,如people,police,cattle等,只當復數(shù)看待,謂語動詞必須用復數(shù)。Thepolicearesearchingforhim.
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