高考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解考點(diǎn)

高考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解考點(diǎn)

　�、�.閱讀理解題策略

　　一、先看題干，帶著問(wèn)題讀文章。

　　即先看試題，再讀文章。閱讀題干，首先要掌握問(wèn)題的類型，分清是客觀信息題還是主觀判斷題。其次，了解試題題干以及各個(gè)選項(xiàng)所包含的信息，然后有針對(duì)性地對(duì)文章進(jìn)行掃讀，對(duì)有關(guān)信息進(jìn)行快速定位，再將相關(guān)信息進(jìn)行整合、甄別、分析、對(duì)比，有根有據(jù)地排除干擾項(xiàng)，選出正確答案。

　　二、速讀全文，了解大意知主題。

　　近幾年的高考閱讀速度大約是每分鐘40詞左右。必須在十分有限的時(shí)間內(nèi)運(yùn)用略讀、掃讀、跳讀等技巧快速搜尋關(guān)鍵詞、主題句，捕捉時(shí)空、順序、情節(jié)、人物、觀點(diǎn)，并且理清文章脈絡(luò)，把握語(yǔ)篇實(shí)質(zhì)。速讀全文對(duì)于主旨大意題的解決尤其有效，能快速抓住主干，確定好答案。

　　三、詳讀細(xì)節(jié)，理順?biāo)悸放c文章脈絡(luò)。

　　文章絕不是互不相干的句子的堆砌。作者為文，有脈可循。如記敘文多以人物為中心，以時(shí)間或空間為線索，按事件的發(fā)生、發(fā)展、結(jié)局展開(kāi)故事；議論文則包含論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)、結(jié)論三大要素，通過(guò)解釋、舉例來(lái)闡述觀點(diǎn)。

　　四、邏輯推理，做好深層理解題。

　　深層理解主要包括歸納概括題(中心思想，加標(biāo)題等)和推理判斷題，是閱讀理解中的難點(diǎn)。深層理解是一種創(chuàng)造性的思維活動(dòng)。它必須忠實(shí)于原文，以文章提供的事實(shí)和線索為依據(jù)，立足已知推斷未知，不能憑空想像，隨意揣測(cè)；讀者要對(duì)文字的表面信息進(jìn)行分析、挖掘和邏輯推理，不能就事論事，以偏概全。推理題在提問(wèn)中常用的詞有：conclude，infer，imply，suggest，indicate等。

　　五、猜詞悟義，掃除閱讀攔路虎。

　　猜詞是應(yīng)用英語(yǔ)閱讀的重要能力，也是高考中常用的題型。它不但需要準(zhǔn)確無(wú)誤地理解上下文，而且要有較大的泛讀量，掌握或認(rèn)識(shí)較多的課外詞匯。我們要學(xué)會(huì)“順藤摸瓜”，通過(guò)構(gòu)詞法，語(yǔ)法，定義，同位語(yǔ)，對(duì)比，因果，常識(shí)，上下文等線索確定詞義。

　�、�.閱讀理解常見(jiàn)問(wèn)題及原因分析

　　問(wèn)題一：已經(jīng)找對(duì)了題干與原文對(duì)應(yīng)處，為何還做錯(cuò)？

　　原因：

　　①精確定位：要看清真正的問(wèn)題，即用信息詞定位之后，要看清句子邏輯關(guān)系，弄清意思。

　�、趯W(xué)會(huì)看選項(xiàng)的方法：

　　a．找最貼近原文意思的選項(xiàng)；

　　b．去除選項(xiàng)間的相同信息，專門(mén)關(guān)注區(qū)別點(diǎn)；

　　c．分清褒貶；

　　d．分清程度大小，強(qiáng)烈關(guān)注選項(xiàng)中表內(nèi)容的單詞；

　　e．看清范圍，分清是整體還是局部。

　　高頻考點(diǎn)一　正確選項(xiàng)特征

　　在閱讀理解的備考過(guò)程中，明確閱讀理解常設(shè)選項(xiàng)的特征是快速準(zhǔn)確鎖定答案的關(guān)鍵。高考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解的正確選項(xiàng)一般通過(guò)以下途徑設(shè)置：

　　關(guān)鍵詞直接復(fù)現(xiàn)：直接復(fù)現(xiàn)類可從問(wèn)題中找到關(guān)鍵詞，以此為線索，運(yùn)用略讀及查閱的技巧迅速定位即可。此類題目較為簡(jiǎn)單，考查頻率不高。

　　對(duì)原文關(guān)鍵詞進(jìn)行同義轉(zhuǎn)換、正話反說(shuō)和細(xì)節(jié)概括：此類題目需對(duì)原文信息進(jìn)行準(zhǔn)確理解并簡(jiǎn)單推理，觀察詞義、詞性及語(yǔ)態(tài)的變化。這是命題人常用的設(shè)題方式，復(fù)習(xí)時(shí)應(yīng)掌握英語(yǔ)的多種表達(dá)法。

　　一、同義轉(zhuǎn)述

　　從近幾年的高考題來(lái)看，細(xì)節(jié)理解題不僅數(shù)量有所增加，而且難度也稍有加大，主要表現(xiàn)為題目信息與原文信息表達(dá)方式不一致。命題人一般會(huì)對(duì)文章細(xì)節(jié)加以轉(zhuǎn)述來(lái)考查考生準(zhǔn)確理解細(xì)節(jié)的能力。轉(zhuǎn)述的主要方式有以下三種：

　　1．同義詞轉(zhuǎn)化：把原文中的一些詞換成意義相近的詞，設(shè)為正確選項(xiàng)。

　　2．詞性或語(yǔ)態(tài)等的變化：把原文中的詞變換一下詞性，或者改變?cè)�文句子的語(yǔ)態(tài)，用另一種表達(dá)轉(zhuǎn)述原文信息。

　　3．語(yǔ)言簡(jiǎn)化概括：把原文中的復(fù)雜語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)化或概括成為正確答案。

　　例1.(2019·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ)In a study describing the technology, the researchers had 100 volunteers type the word “touch” four times using the smart keyboard. Data collected from the device could be used to recognize different participants based on how they typed, with very low error rates. The researchers say that the keyboard should be pretty straightforward to commercialize and is mostly made of inexpensive, plastic-like parts. The team hopes to make it to market in the near future.

　　30．What do the researchers expect of the smart keyboard?

　　A．It’ll be environment-friendly.

　　B．It’ll reach consumers soon.

　　C．It’ll be made of plastics.

　　D．It’ll help speed up typing.

　　【答案】B

　　【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)上段中的最后一句“The team hopes to make it to market in the near future.”可知，該研究團(tuán)隊(duì)希望在不久的將來(lái)將智能鍵盤(pán)推向市場(chǎng)，故選B。

　　二、正話反說(shuō)

　　正話反說(shuō)是閱讀理解題目中的一個(gè)難點(diǎn)，通常有以下幾個(gè)高頻考向：

　　1．It looks/sounds like/as if類：表示看/聽(tīng)起來(lái)好像是，實(shí)際上并不是。

　　2．虛擬語(yǔ)氣句：用虛擬語(yǔ)氣來(lái)表述與事實(shí)相反的情況，讓讀者推斷事實(shí)內(nèi)容。

　　3．讓步論述：先假設(shè)作者的觀點(diǎn)反面成立，從而引出一系列荒謬的、不合理的結(jié)果，倒過(guò)來(lái)證明作者觀點(diǎn)的正確性。

　　4．反問(wèn)句。

　　例2.(2019·北京卷)The problem of robocalls has gotten so bad that many people now refuse to pick up calls from numbers they don’t know. By next year, half of the calls we receive will be scams(欺詐). We are finally waking up to the severity of the problem by supporting and developing a group of tools, apps and approaches intended to prevent scammers from getting through. Unfortunately, it’s too little, too late. By the time these “solutions”(解決方案) become widely available, scammers will have moved onto cleverer means. In the near future, it’s not just going to be the number you see on your screen that will be in doubt. Soon you will also question whether the voice you’re hearing is actually real.

　　38．How does the author feel about the solutions to the problem of robocalls?

　　A．Panicked.　　　　　　　    B．Confused.

　　C．Embarrassed.     D．Disappointed.

　　【答案】D

　　【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)上段中的“By the time these ‘solutions’(解決方案) become widely available, scammers will have moved onto cleverer means.”可知，等到這些“解決方案”被廣泛使用時(shí)，不法分子就會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)向更聰明的手段；由此可推知作者對(duì)自動(dòng)語(yǔ)音電話問(wèn)題的解決方案感到很失望，D項(xiàng)意為“失望的”，故選D。

　　3. 理解概括

　　閱讀理解除了考查考生對(duì)細(xì)節(jié)信息的準(zhǔn)確理解外， 還要求考生通過(guò)思維分析將信息進(jìn)行歸納概括，使之系統(tǒng)化、條理化。

　　例3.(2019·浙江卷)California has lost half its big trees since the 1930s, according to a study to be published Tuesday and climate change seems to be a major factor(因素)．

　　The number of trees larger than two feet across has declined by 50 percent on more than 46, 000 square miles of California forests, the new study finds. No area was spared or unaffected, from the foggy northern coast to the Sierra Nevada Mountains to the San Gabriels above Los Angeles. In the Sierra high country, the number of big trees has fallen by more than 55 percent; in parts of southern California the decline was nearly 75 percent.

　　Many factors contributed to the decline,  said Patrick McIntyre, an ecologist who was the lead author of the study. Woodcutters targeted big trees. Housing development pushed into the woods. Aggressive wildfire control has left California forests crowded with small trees that compete with big trees for resources(資源)．

　　But in comparing a study of California forests done in the 1920s and 1930s with another one between 2001 and 2010, McIntyre and his colleagues documented a widespread death of big trees that was evident even in wildlands protected from woodcutting or development.

　　The loss of big trees was greatest in areas where trees had suffered the greatest water shortage. The researchers figured out water stress with a computer model that calculated how much water trees were getting in comparison with how much they needed, taking into account such things as rainfall, air temperature, dampness of soil, and the timing of snowmelt(融雪)．

　　Since the 1930s, McIntyre said, the biggest factors driving up water stress in the state have been rising temperatures, which cause trees to lose more water to the air, and earlier snowmelt, which reduces the water supply available to trees during the dry season.

　　30．What can be a suitable title for the text?

　　A．California’s Forests: Where Have All the Big Trees Gone?

　　B．Cutting of Big Trees to Be Prohibited in California Soon

　　C．Why Are the Big Trees Important to California Forests?

　　D．Patrick McIntyre: Grow More Big Trees in California

　　【答案】A

　　【解析】標(biāo)題歸納題。根據(jù)全文可知，文章主要講述了美國(guó)加州森林中大樹(shù)數(shù)量急劇下降的現(xiàn)象，并分析了其原因。因此A項(xiàng)能很好地概括全文。故選A。