高一英語(yǔ)上學(xué)期期末考試備考——重難點(diǎn)知識(shí)匯總

　　重點(diǎn)

　　1.句子的成分和種類

　　2.狀語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、名詞性從句

　　3.重點(diǎn)詞匯和句型

　　難點(diǎn)

　　1.翻譯的技巧

　　2.時(shí)態(tài)（含現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)和將來完成時(shí)）及語(yǔ)態(tài)（含主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)）

　　一、英語(yǔ)簡(jiǎn)單句的五種基本結(jié)構(gòu)

　　S+V是主謂

　　S+V+DO 是主謂加雙賓

　　S+V+P是主謂賓

　　S(主語(yǔ))＋V(謂語(yǔ))＋ I(間接賓語(yǔ))＋D(直接賓語(yǔ))

　　S(主語(yǔ))＋V(動(dòng)詞)＋O (賓語(yǔ))＋Complement(補(bǔ)語(yǔ))

　　1. Subject (主語(yǔ)) ＋ Verb (謂語(yǔ))

　　這種句型中的動(dòng)詞大多是不及物動(dòng)詞，這些動(dòng)詞常見的有：appear， apologize，arrive， come， die， disappear， exist， fall， happen， rise，等等。如：

　　The students work very hard.學(xué)生們學(xué)習(xí)很努力。

　　She apologized to me again. 她再次向我道歉。

　　The accident happened yesterday evening.事故是昨天晚上發(fā)生的。

　　2. Subject (主語(yǔ)) ＋ Link. V(系動(dòng)詞) ＋ Predicate(表語(yǔ))

　　這種句型中的系動(dòng)詞一般可分為下列兩類：

　　(1)表示狀態(tài)的連系動(dòng)詞。這些詞有：be， look， seem， appear， smell， taste， sound， keep， remain， 等等。如：

　　Several players lay flat on the playground.幾個(gè)隊(duì)員平躺在操場(chǎng)上。

　　We should remain modest and prudent any time.我們?cè)谌魏螘r(shí)候都應(yīng)該保持謙虛謹(jǐn)慎。

　　This kind of food tastes terrible.這種食物吃起來很糟糕。

　　The picture looks more beautiful at a certain distance.這幅畫在一定的距離看更漂亮一些。

　　(2)表示轉(zhuǎn)變或結(jié)果的系動(dòng)詞。這些詞有：become， get， grow， turn， go， come， prove，等等。如：

　　Spring comes. It is getting warmer and warmer.春天到了，天氣變得越來越暖和。

　　Don't have the food. It has gone bad.不要吃那種食物，已經(jīng)變質(zhì)了。

　　The facts prove true.事實(shí)證明是正確的。

　　3. Subject(主語(yǔ)) ＋ Verb (謂語(yǔ)) ＋ Object (賓語(yǔ))

　　這種句型中的動(dòng)詞應(yīng)為及物動(dòng)詞或者可以后接賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)。同時(shí)，句子中有時(shí)含有與賓語(yǔ)有關(guān)的狀語(yǔ)。作賓語(yǔ)的成分常是：名詞、代詞、動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞或從句。如：

　　You can put the books in your bag.你可以把書放在書包里。

　　Farmers in our area grow lots of vegetables.我們這里的農(nóng)民種很多種蔬菜。

　　She lost the chance to make her appearance on the stage.她失去了在舞臺(tái)上露面的機(jī)會(huì)。

　　I prefer to make web pages.我更喜歡做網(wǎng)頁(yè)。

　　4. Subject(主語(yǔ))＋Verb(謂語(yǔ))＋ Indirect object(間接賓語(yǔ))＋Direct object (直接賓語(yǔ))

　　這種句型中作間接賓語(yǔ)的常常指“人”，直接賓語(yǔ)常常指“物”。如：

　　Yesterday her father bought her a bicycle as a birthday present.昨天她父親給她買了一輛自行車作為生日禮物。

　　The old man is telling the children stories in the Long March.老人正在給孩子們講長(zhǎng)征中的故事。

　　這種句型還可轉(zhuǎn)換為其他兩種句型：1)動(dòng)詞 ＋ 賓語(yǔ) ＋ for sb.； 2)動(dòng)詞 ＋ 賓語(yǔ)＋to sb.。如：

　　Please show me your picture.

　�。璓lease show your picture to me.

　　請(qǐng)把你的畫給我看一下。

　　I'll offer you a good chance as long as you don't lose heart.

　　—I'll offer a good chance for you as long as you don't lose heart.

　　只要你不失去信心，我會(huì)給你提供機(jī)會(huì)的。

　　5. Subject(主語(yǔ))＋Verb (動(dòng)詞)＋Object (賓語(yǔ))＋Complement(補(bǔ)語(yǔ))

　　這種句型中的賓語(yǔ)＋ 補(bǔ)語(yǔ)可統(tǒng)稱為“復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)”。擔(dān)任補(bǔ)語(yǔ)的常常是名詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、分詞、動(dòng)詞不定式等。如：

　　Keep the children quiet， please. 請(qǐng)讓孩子們安靜下來。

　　He painted the wall white. 他把墻漆成白色。

　　We found him an honest person.我們發(fā)現(xiàn)他是一個(gè)誠(chéng)實(shí)的人。

　　His mother told him not to play on the street.他母親告訴他不要在街上玩。

　　注意：動(dòng)詞have， make， let， see， hear， notice， feel， observe， watch等后面所接的動(dòng)詞不定式作賓補(bǔ)時(shí)，不帶to。如：

　　The boss made him do the work all day.老板讓他整天做那項(xiàng)工作。

　　二、英語(yǔ)句子種類兩種分類法

　　按句子的用途可分四種：

　　1）陳述句（肯定、否定）：He is six years old.      She didn’t hear of you before.

　　2）疑問句（一般、特殊、選擇、反意）：

　　Do they like skating？  How old is he？

　　Is he six or seven years old？

　　Mary can swim， can’t she？

　　3）祈使句：Be careful， boys.   Don’t talk in class

　　4）感嘆句：How clever the boy is！   What a clever boy he is！

　　按句子的結(jié)構(gòu)可分三種：

　　1）簡(jiǎn)單句：只有一個(gè)主語(yǔ)（或并列主語(yǔ)）和一個(gè)謂語(yǔ)（或并列謂語(yǔ)）。

　　He often reads English in the morning.      Tom and Mike are American boys.

　　She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.

　　2) 并列句：由并列連詞（and， but， or等）或分號(hào)（；）把兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的簡(jiǎn)單句連在一起構(gòu)成。

　　You help him and he helps you.

　　The future is bright； the road is tortuous. 前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。

　　3）復(fù)合句：含有一個(gè)或一個(gè)以上從句的句子。英語(yǔ)從句包括名詞性從句(主語(yǔ)從句，表語(yǔ)從句，賓語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句)，定語(yǔ)從句和狀語(yǔ)從句等。

　　The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great Wall.

　　小練習(xí)

　　判斷下列句子是簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句還是復(fù)合句：

　　1. The farmer is showing the boy how to plant a tree.

　　2. Both Tom and Jack enjoy country music.

　　3. The boy who offered me his seat is called Tom.

　　4. My brother and I go to school at half past seven in the morning and come back home at seven.

　　5. He is in Class One and I am in Class Two.

　　6. He was fond of drawing when he was yet a child.

　　7. Neither has he changed his mind， nor will he do so.

　　8. What he said at the meeting is very important， isn’t it？

　　三、英語(yǔ)句子成分分析

　　1、主語(yǔ)（subject）： 句子說明的人或事物。

　　The sun rises in the east. (名詞)

　　He likes dancing. (代詞)

　　Twenty years is a short time in history. (數(shù)詞)

　　Seeing is believing. (動(dòng)名詞)

　　To see is to believe. (不定式)

　　What he needs is a book. (主語(yǔ)從句)

　　It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree.

　　(It形式主語(yǔ)，主語(yǔ)從句是真正主語(yǔ))

　　附帶復(fù)習(xí)一下it 作形式主語(yǔ)的一些用法： 當(dāng)主語(yǔ)部分太長(zhǎng)時(shí)為了句子平衡采用it作形式主語(yǔ)。所謂形式是指句子的真正主語(yǔ)將在句子末段出現(xiàn)

　　1.it is+名詞+從句 ：It is a surprise that you give such an answer to this question.

　　2. it is +形容詞+從句： It is certain that free medical care will be given to most people in our city.

　　3. It +動(dòng)詞+從句： It appeared that he had a taste for music.

　　4. It be +分詞+從句：It is said that Li Tao has been to Europe.

　　2、謂語(yǔ)（predicate）：說明主語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作、狀態(tài)和特征

　　We study English.                   He is asleep.

　　3、表語(yǔ)（predicative）：系動(dòng)詞之后的成分，表示主語(yǔ)的性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)和特征。

　　He is a teacher. (名詞)

　　Seventy-four！ You don’t look it. (代詞)

　　Five and five is ten. (數(shù)詞)

　　He is asleep. (形容詞)

　　His father is in. (副詞)

　　The picture is on the wall. (介詞短語(yǔ))

　　My watch is gone / missing / lost. (形容詞化的分詞)

　　To wear a flower is to say “I’m poor， I can’t buy a ring. ” (不定式)

　　The question is whether they will come. (表語(yǔ)從句)

　　常見的系動(dòng)詞有： be， sound(聽起來)， look(看起來)， fee l(摸起來)，smell(聞起來)，taste(嘗、吃起來)， remain(保持，仍是)， feel(感覺) ….

　　It sounds a good idea.

　　The sound sounds strange.

　　Her voice sounds sweet.

　　Tom looks thin.

　　The food smells delicious.

　　The food tastes good.

　　The door remains open.

　　Now I feel tired.

　　4、賓語(yǔ)：

　　1)動(dòng)作的承受者——動(dòng)賓

　　I like China. (名詞)

　　He hates you. (代詞)

　　How many do you need？ We need two. (數(shù)詞)

　　We should help the old and the poor.

　　I enjoy working with you. (動(dòng)名詞)

　　I hope to see you again. (不定式)

　　Did you write down what he said？ (賓語(yǔ)從句)

　　2)介詞后的名詞、代詞和動(dòng)名詞——介賓

　　Are you afraid of the snake？

　　Under the snow， there are many rocks.

　　3) 雙賓語(yǔ)——間賓(指人)和直賓(指物)

　　He gave me a book yesterday.

　　Give the poor man some money.

　　5、賓補(bǔ)：對(duì)賓語(yǔ)的補(bǔ)充，全稱為賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。

　　We elected him monitor. (名詞)

　　We all think it a pity that she didn’t come here. (名)

　　We will make them happy. (形容詞)

　　We found nobody in. (副詞)

　　Please make yourself at home. (介詞短語(yǔ))

　　Don’t let him do that. (省to不定式)

　　His father advised him to teach the lazy boy a lesson. (帶to不定式)

　　Don’t keep the lights burning. (現(xiàn)在分詞)

　　I’ll have my bike repaired. (過去分詞)

　　6、主補(bǔ)：對(duì)主語(yǔ)的補(bǔ)充。

　　He was elected monitor.

　　She was found singing in the next room.

　　He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson. www.oh100.com

　　7、定語(yǔ)：修飾或限制名詞或代詞的詞、詞組或句子。

　　Ai Yanling is a chemistry teacher.(名詞)

　　He is our friend. (代詞)

　　We belong to the third world. (數(shù)詞)

　　He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.(形容詞)

　　The man over there is my old friend.(副詞)

　　The woman with a baby in her arms is my sister. (介詞)

　　The boys playing football are in Cla2. (現(xiàn)在分詞)

　　The trees planted last year are growing well now. (過去分詞)

　　I have an idea to do it well. (不定式)

　　You should do everything that I do. (定語(yǔ)從句)

　　8、狀語(yǔ)：用來修飾v.， adj.， adv.， or 句子。 表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因、目的、結(jié)果、程度、條件、方式和讓步。

　　(以下例句按上述順序排列)