2020高考英語(yǔ)高頻考點(diǎn)——閱讀理解七選五

　　2020高考即將開(kāi)戰(zhàn)，你準(zhǔn)備好了嗎？高考網(wǎng)小編為各位考生整理了一些高頻考點(diǎn)，供大家參考閱讀！

　　2.命題基本規(guī)律

　　閱讀理解七選五重點(diǎn)考查考生對(duì)文章基本結(jié)構(gòu)的理解。閱讀理解七選五注重對(duì)語(yǔ)篇和段落結(jié)構(gòu)的考查，不僅要求考生能夠理解文章的內(nèi)容，還要求考生能夠從篇章和段落上去把握文章的結(jié)構(gòu)與層次，在理解文章基本結(jié)構(gòu)和把握全篇文脈（即句與句、段與段之間的邏輯關(guān)系）的基礎(chǔ)上完成試題。由上面的統(tǒng)計(jì)表可以看出:

　　(1)近三年選用的文章所涉及的題材比較廣泛，給人以"情理之中、預(yù)料之外"的感覺(jué)，但都突出了生活化的特點(diǎn)；就體裁而言，除了2017年全國(guó)卷Ⅰ采用了一篇記敘文外，其余均為說(shuō)明文，說(shuō)明如何做某事或介紹某事物；

　　(2)試題閱讀總量（包括文章、文章中的試題序號(hào)、選項(xiàng)及序號(hào)）在230詞到310詞之間；

　　(3)文章結(jié)構(gòu)比較清晰，有時(shí)提供標(biāo)題和小標(biāo)題，有些閱讀材料甚至出現(xiàn)了編號(hào)或項(xiàng)目符號(hào)，所提供的文章段落數(shù)在2到5之間，大部分采用了"總—分"結(jié)構(gòu)，即在第一段（或第一、二段）引入所要說(shuō)明的主題后，在其余的段落中從某一角度對(duì)這一主題展開(kāi)說(shuō)明，有時(shí)還會(huì)有一個(gè)總結(jié)性的段落；

　　(4)從題目設(shè)定和選項(xiàng)設(shè)置的角度來(lái)看，所留出的5個(gè)空白中有1至2個(gè)空設(shè)在小標(biāo)題、主旨句或首句的位置，用于考查考生概括段落主旨的能力，其余3至4個(gè)空設(shè)在段落之中，用于考查細(xì)節(jié)過(guò)渡銜接句和線(xiàn)索句，需要填入的句子與上下文之間大多通過(guò)語(yǔ)意和詞匯聯(lián)系起來(lái)。所提供的7個(gè)選項(xiàng)大多是完整的句子，其中祈使句和陳述句居多，錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)與文章內(nèi)容有一定的相關(guān)性，對(duì)正確選項(xiàng)會(huì)形成一定的干擾，另外，正確選項(xiàng)之間也會(huì)形成相互干擾。

　　3.命題趨勢(shì)

　　對(duì)近三年全國(guó)卷閱讀理解七選五試題進(jìn)行分析對(duì)比，可以看出在體裁的選擇上仍以說(shuō)明文為主，行文仍多用"總—分"結(jié)構(gòu)，閱讀總量相對(duì)穩(wěn)定，但也有一些新的變化。

　　(1)除了說(shuō)明文外，也會(huì)選用記敘文。如2017年全國(guó)卷Ⅰ就采用了一篇記敘文，這就意味著以后閱讀理解七選五命題材料可能會(huì)選用記敘文，但說(shuō)明文還會(huì)是命題的首選。

　　(2)不再提供標(biāo)題和小標(biāo)題。2017年三套全國(guó)卷均沒(méi)有提供文章標(biāo)題和小標(biāo)題，沒(méi)有顯性的文章結(jié)構(gòu)提示，增加了試題的難度，這就要求考生在理解閱讀材料的基礎(chǔ)上，弄清文章與各個(gè)段落的主旨和結(jié)構(gòu)，準(zhǔn)確地做出判斷。但有的文章仍有明顯的段落主旨句，如2017年全國(guó)卷Ⅲ的后四段段首就出現(xiàn)了段落主旨句。

　　考點(diǎn)1

　　主旨概括題

　　主旨概括題主要考查考生對(duì)文章或段落進(jìn)行概括的能力，它要求考生在閱讀文章時(shí)，能夠提煉其中心思想，體會(huì)作者的寫(xiě)作意圖，充分運(yùn)用概括能力提取文章的主題、觀(guān)點(diǎn)以及作者的情感態(tài)度。這類(lèi)題常以考查段落標(biāo)題為主，設(shè)題位置一般在段首,有時(shí)總結(jié)性的語(yǔ)句也會(huì)出現(xiàn)在段中或段尾。這類(lèi)題有時(shí)也會(huì)考查整篇文章的主旨大意，即文章的主題句，一般會(huì)在首段設(shè)空。概括起來(lái)講，命題人通常從兩個(gè)方面設(shè)題：①概括文章或段落的主題句或結(jié)論性語(yǔ)句；②段落標(biāo)題。

　　【典例1】

　　（2017·浙江卷）    34    Each interview that you get on the street shouldn?t be longer than ten minutes. As soon as you get the answer you need, move on to the next person. Make sure that as you go from interview to interview, you are getting a variety of answers. If everyone is giving you the same answer, you wonot be able to use it. A safe number of interviews to conduct is about six to ten.35(F)   ...

　　A.Limit your time.

　　B.As you approach people, be polite.

　　C.If you donot own a camera, you can buy one.

　　D.For new reporters, this can seem like a challenging task.

　　E.To get good and useful results, ask them the same question.

　　F.That number of interviews should give you all the answers you need.

　　G.With a question like this, you will get more than a "Yes" or "No" reply

　　【解析】主題句一般是對(duì)上文或下文內(nèi)容的總結(jié)，所以我們通常采用瀏覽的方式，重點(diǎn)搜索主題線(xiàn)索和脈絡(luò)，并準(zhǔn)確判斷出主題句，切忌主觀(guān)臆斷或以偏概全，以點(diǎn)代面。根據(jù)語(yǔ)段中的" shouldn?t be longer than ten minutes"以及" As soon as you get the answer you need, move on to the next person "可知，本段主要講要控制采訪(fǎng)的時(shí)間，此空應(yīng)是本段的主題句，引領(lǐng)下文。本題易誤選B項(xiàng)，但本段并未介紹如何在采訪(fǎng)時(shí)保持禮貌，故排除B項(xiàng)。也易誤選E項(xiàng)，但該項(xiàng)屬于對(duì)街頭采訪(fǎng)的主觀(guān)臆斷，并無(wú)信息支持，故也不能選。A。

　　【方法點(diǎn)津】位置先后Foretelling

　　1.設(shè)空在段首：

　　（1）通常是段落主題句。認(rèn)真閱讀后文內(nèi)容，根據(jù)段落一致性原則，查找同義詞或其他相關(guān)的詞，推斷出主題句。調(diào)研1即屬于這種類(lèi)型。

　�。�2）與后文是并列、轉(zhuǎn)折、因果關(guān)系等。著重閱讀空后第一句，鎖定線(xiàn)索詞，然后在選項(xiàng)中查找相關(guān)特征詞。通常答案與空前后的句子在意思上是緊密銜接的，因此這些句子之間會(huì)用到某種銜接手段。比如，選項(xiàng)中出現(xiàn)時(shí)間，考生往往要注意其與正文中的時(shí)間的前后對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系。

　�。�3）是段落間的過(guò)渡句。這時(shí)要前瞻后望，即閱讀上一段結(jié)尾部分，通常答案會(huì)與上一段結(jié)尾有機(jī)地銜接起來(lái)，并結(jié)合下一段的內(nèi)容，看所選的答案是否能使兩段內(nèi)容連貫起來(lái)。

　　2.設(shè)空在段尾：

　�。�1）通常是概括性語(yǔ)句。注意在選項(xiàng)中查找表示結(jié)果、結(jié)論、總結(jié)等的過(guò)渡性詞語(yǔ)，如therefore, as a result, thus, hence, in short, to sum up, to conclude, in a word等，選項(xiàng)中也可能會(huì)出現(xiàn)前文的同義詞或同義句。

　�。�2）與前文是轉(zhuǎn)折或?qū)Ρ汝P(guān)系。此時(shí)要注意在選項(xiàng)中查找表示轉(zhuǎn)折、對(duì)比的連接詞，同時(shí)注意選項(xiàng)中所講內(nèi)容是否與前文形成對(duì)比關(guān)系。

　�。�3）與前文是并列或遞進(jìn)關(guān)系。在這種情況下，通常是該段落要求補(bǔ)全說(shuō)明本段主題的其他細(xì)節(jié)，因此根據(jù)段落一致性原則，在原文和選項(xiàng)中找到相關(guān)的特征詞，通常在選項(xiàng)中會(huì)出現(xiàn)表示并列、遞進(jìn)關(guān)系的連接詞,與前文類(lèi)似的句式結(jié)構(gòu)或同義詞等線(xiàn)索。

　　（4）所選答案引出下一段的內(nèi)容。如果在選項(xiàng)中找不出與前文之間的關(guān)聯(lián)，此時(shí)可考慮與下一段開(kāi)頭是否有一定的銜接。認(rèn)真閱讀下一段開(kāi)頭幾句，看是否能與選項(xiàng)緊密連接起來(lái)。

　　3.設(shè)空在段中：

　　重點(diǎn)閱讀該空的前一句和后一句，找出它們之間的邏輯關(guān)系，或者根據(jù)意義的連貫性得出答案；如果還沒(méi)有把握，再分析該段的中心句，因?yàn)橹行拇_定后所有的句子都是圍繞該中心來(lái)描述的。

　　【典例2】

　　When mouth\|watering food on a white plate is served, do you eat it right away? 36(G)  Then you post it on your favorite social networking sites and apps. Shooting food has become a popular practice for people all over the world.Last month, The Telegraph published an article from British food photographer Hugh Johnson in which he shared tips.Read and find out how to get better at taking food pictures....Move things aroundToo many people might ruin a good shot by failing to look at the backdrop properly. Make sure all the dirty spoons and used napkins（餐巾紙）are out of sight. Double check that you havenot left anything in your background that you don?t want to be seen. 40

　　A.Consider the light.

　　B.Let the food take centre stage.

　　C.The food will sparkle in the sunshine.

　　D.Try and use the shadow to your advantage.

　　E.Unnatural light may ruin amazing pictures.

　　F.Donot try and put too much in a single picture.

　　G.Chances are that you actually take a photo first.

　　【解析】由前兩段可知，文章主要講"how to get better at taking food pictures"。根據(jù)空白處所在段內(nèi)容可推知，拍攝美食時(shí)，食物才是重點(diǎn)，其他不必要的或影響主題的東西都要收起來(lái)，空白處應(yīng)是對(duì)本段內(nèi)容的概括或總結(jié)。結(jié)合本節(jié)標(biāo)題"Move things around"可知B項(xiàng)符合語(yǔ)境。B。

　　考點(diǎn)2

　　語(yǔ)段過(guò)渡題

　　語(yǔ)段過(guò)渡題所涉及的句子是過(guò)渡句，具有承上啟下的作用，該題型主要考查考生對(duì)篇章的理解能力和對(duì)上下文之間邏輯關(guān)系的分析能力。其設(shè)空位置比較靈活，可位于段尾、段首或段中。解這類(lèi)題通�？刹捎梦恢门袛喾�。如果空白位于段首，要前瞻后望找提示，即閱讀上一段結(jié)尾部分，通常正確答案與之銜接，并結(jié)合下一段內(nèi)容，看所選的答案是否能將兩段內(nèi)容連貫起來(lái)。如果空白位于段中，重點(diǎn)閱讀該空的前一句和后一句，找出它們之間的邏輯關(guān)系或根據(jù)意義的連貫性得出答案；如果還沒(méi)有把握，再分析該段的中心句。如果空白位于段尾，在選項(xiàng)中找不出與前文之間的關(guān)聯(lián)時(shí)，可考慮與下一段開(kāi)頭之間的銜接。仔細(xì)閱讀下一段開(kāi)頭幾句，看是否能與所選選項(xiàng)緊密連接起來(lái)。

　　【典例3】

　　（2016·浙江10月高考）How to Have a Successful Teenage LifeEveryone wants to succeed in their life, do not they? Even as a teenager, you can achieve success in your life; it really isnot that hard.  31 Do well in school. No matter how boring it is now, education will help you be a productive member in society. Try your best for excellence in school; listen to the teachers, do your homework, study, and get good grades...

　　A. Live life to the fullest.

　　B. School sets you up on the right track!

　　C. Be nice to your parents and teachers.

　　D. Find chances to do volunteer work that interests you.

　　E. It will help you pass time and develop your personality.

　　F. Here are some important points that you may find helpful.

　　G. Keep in mind that they do the things they do because they care about you.

　　【解析】空白處在段尾，所填句子要么是段落總結(jié)句，要么是上下過(guò)渡句�？瞻滋幥暗�"Everyone wants to succeed in their life, don?t they? Even as a teenager, you can achieve success in your life; it really isn?t that hard"表明成功并非如此困難，下文則又講了如何成功，可見(jiàn)選項(xiàng)要在這里起到承上啟下的作用，用來(lái)引出下文成功的方法，所以F項(xiàng)符合語(yǔ)境。

　　考點(diǎn)3

　　細(xì)節(jié)線(xiàn)索題

　　細(xì)節(jié)線(xiàn)索類(lèi)的試題要求考生更加注重文章中的細(xì)節(jié)，比如某個(gè)關(guān)鍵的單詞或數(shù)字等。解答這類(lèi)試題經(jīng)常用到的方法有：詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)法、詞匯同現(xiàn)法、代詞線(xiàn)索法、邏輯關(guān)系線(xiàn)索法等。

　　1.詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)法

　　復(fù)現(xiàn)法是保證文章前后銜接而經(jīng)常使用的一種寫(xiě)作手段，即在文章中不同的位置對(duì)同一個(gè)概念進(jìn)行重復(fù)描述，從而使得同樣的意思在文章中不同的地方重復(fù)出現(xiàn)。復(fù)現(xiàn)的形式主要包括原詞復(fù)現(xiàn)、同（近）義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)、反義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)等。考生可利用文章的這一特點(diǎn)，在解題時(shí)注意選項(xiàng)中出現(xiàn)的與正文意思相同、相近或相反的詞。

　　【典例4】（2017·浙江卷）How to Do Man-on-the-Street InterviewsThe man-on-the-street interview is an interview in which a reporter hits the streets with a cameraman to interview people on the spot.  31 But with these tips, your first man-on-the-street interview experience can be easy....

　　A. Limit your time.

　　B. As you approach people, be polite.

　　C. If you don?t own a camera, you can buy one.

　　D. For new reporters, this can seem like a challenging task.

　　E. To get good and useful results, ask them the same question.

　　F. That number of interviews should give you all the answers you need.

　　G. With a question like this, you will get more than a "Yes" or "No" reply.

　　【解析】解此題可運(yùn)用反義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)法。本段用來(lái)引入本文的話(huà)題�？瞻滋幍暮笠痪湓�(huà)中有一個(gè)形容詞"easy"，且該句是由But引導(dǎo)的，說(shuō)明該句話(huà)與空白處在意義上是相反的。因此，在選項(xiàng)中找出" easy "的反義詞" challenging "，將答案鎖定為D項(xiàng)。D。

　　2.詞匯同現(xiàn)法

　　詞匯同現(xiàn)是指屬于同一詞匯范疇或者某一領(lǐng)域的詞匯在文章中同時(shí)出現(xiàn)，達(dá)到語(yǔ)意銜接的目的。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，上下文中詞匯的范疇越小，上下文的銜接關(guān)系越緊密。

　　【典例5】（2017·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ）...I was, nevertheless, talked into going on another fun-filled holiday in the wilderness.   38   Instead, we had a pop-up camper with comfortable beds and an air conditioner. My nature\|loving friends had remembered to bring all the necessities of life.

　　...

　　A. This time there was no tent.

　　B. Things are going to be improved.

　　C. The trip they took me on was a rough one.

　　D. I was to learn a lot about camping since then, however.

　　E. I must say that I have certainly come to enjoy camping.

　　F. After the trip, my family became quite interested in camping.

　　G. There was no shade as the trees were no more than 3 feet tall.

　　【解析】解此題可運(yùn)用詞匯同現(xiàn)法。該空前面的部分說(shuō)明了作者被說(shuō)服參加另一次野營(yíng)活動(dòng)，而空白后則說(shuō)這次野營(yíng)活動(dòng)有舒服的床和空調(diào)，因此空白處的論述應(yīng)該是在"住宿"這一范疇內(nèi)，幾個(gè)選項(xiàng)中只有A項(xiàng)合適。A。

　　3.代詞線(xiàn)索法

　　英語(yǔ)文章中代詞出現(xiàn)的頻率極高，代詞一般用來(lái)指代前面提及的名詞，考生巧妙地利用這樣的指代關(guān)系或根據(jù)代詞的單復(fù)數(shù)就可以準(zhǔn)確而快速地解題。

　　【典例6】（2017·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ）...I was, nevertheless, talked into going on another fun-filled holiday in the wilderness.   38 （A）  Instead, we had a pop-up camper with comfortable beds and an air conditioner. My nature\|loving friends had remembered to bring all the necessities of life.39   We have done a lot of it since. Recently, we bought a twenty\|eight-foot travel trailer complete with a bathroom and a built-in TV set. There is a separate bedroom, a modern kitchen with a refrigerator. The trailer even has matching carpet and curtains.    ...

　　A. This time there was no tent.

　　B. Things are going to be improved.

　　C. The trip they took me on was a rough one.

　　D. I was to learn a lot about camping since then, however.

　　E. I must say that I have certainly come to enjoy camping.

　　F. After the trip, my family became quite interested in camping.

　　G. There was no shade as the trees were no more than 3 feet tall.

　　【解析】解此題可運(yùn)用代詞線(xiàn)索法。一方面，利用代詞指代關(guān)系，空白處后面的句子里提到的We指代的是選項(xiàng)里面的my family。另一方面,從結(jié)構(gòu)上來(lái)說(shuō)，聯(lián)系上下文，上文提到的是野營(yíng)的過(guò)程，該空后面提到的具體做法表現(xiàn)出了"我們"對(duì)野營(yíng)的熱愛(ài)，由此可推知空白處表示野營(yíng)結(jié)束之后的態(tài)度。弄清楚代詞We的指代，對(duì)解答此題非常重要。F。

　　4.邏輯關(guān)系線(xiàn)索法

　　一篇文章往往是一個(gè)有機(jī)的整體，各部分之間存在著一定的聯(lián)系。從邏輯意義上來(lái)看，句子與句子之間常常有并列、順承、遞進(jìn)、轉(zhuǎn)折、總分、解釋、因果等關(guān)系，有時(shí)甚至包含一種以上這樣的關(guān)系。因此，理解閱讀材料時(shí)一定要把握文章脈絡(luò)，弄清其中的邏輯關(guān)系。如果文中或選項(xiàng)中出現(xiàn)了邏輯關(guān)系詞，考生就可以利用其來(lái)進(jìn)行推理判斷；如果文中或選項(xiàng)中未出現(xiàn)邏輯關(guān)系詞，這就需要考生全面理解文章大意，根據(jù)上下文語(yǔ)境弄清文章內(nèi)在的邏輯關(guān)系，作出正確的判斷。

　　【典例7】（2017·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ）If anyone had told me three years ago that I would be spending most of my weekends camping，I would have laughed heartily. Campers, in my eyes, were people who enjoyed insect bites, ill\|cooked meals, and uncomfortable sleeping bags. They had nothing in common with me.   36.The friends who introduced me to camping thought that it meant to be a pioneer...I was, nevertheless, talked into going on another fun-filled holiday in the wilderness......We have done a lot of it since...      40（E）    It must be true that sooner or later, everyone finds his or her way back to nature. I recommend that you find your way in style.

　　A. This time there was no tent.

　　B. Things are going to be improved.

　　C. The trip they took me on was a rough one.

　　D. I was to learn a lot about camping since then, however.

　　E. I must say that I have certainly come to enjoy camping.

　　F. After the trip, my family became quite interested in camping.

　　G. There was no shade as the trees were no more than 3 feet tall.

　　【解析】此題考查考生對(duì)文章內(nèi)在邏輯的把握能力。首句"如果三年前有人告訴我我會(huì)花大部分的周末時(shí)間去野營(yíng)，我將會(huì)開(kāi)懷大笑"使用了虛擬語(yǔ)氣，預(yù)示了后面的轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系。接著講述了作者過(guò)去對(duì)野營(yíng)的看法。由下文可知作者起初和后來(lái)對(duì)野營(yíng)的態(tài)度不一樣。D項(xiàng)表示"但是，從那時(shí)起我就學(xué)習(xí)了很多關(guān)于野營(yíng)的知識(shí)"，however與上文構(gòu)成轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，因此是最佳選項(xiàng)。此題的關(guān)鍵是however這個(gè)邏輯關(guān)系詞，承上啟下，為下文內(nèi)容做鋪墊。

　　【知識(shí)拓展】由于英語(yǔ)的段與段之間、句與句之間經(jīng)常會(huì)使用連接詞進(jìn)行銜接和過(guò)渡，使文章的邏輯更清楚、結(jié)構(gòu)更連貫，因此文章中和選項(xiàng)中表示各種邏輯關(guān)系的連接詞在選擇答案時(shí)都是很重要的線(xiàn)索。能表明句與句、段與段之間邏輯關(guān)系的連接性詞語(yǔ)有以下幾種：

　　因果關(guān)系：如so, therefore, thus, hence, accordingly, consequently, as a result等。

　　條件關(guān)系：如as/so long as, on condition that, if, unless等。

　　并列關(guān)系：如first, second, third...; firstly, secondly, thirdly...;first, next, then...; in the first place, in the second place...; for one thing, for another thing...等。

　　轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系：如however, nevertheless, though, yet, otherwise等。

　　對(duì)比關(guān)系：如on the contrary, by contrast, in/by comparison, conversely（相反地）等。

　　遞進(jìn)關(guān)系：如also, further, furthermore, even, besides, moreover, in addition, what is more等。

　　解釋關(guān)系：如for example, for instance等。

　　考生在解題過(guò)程中如果抓住了這些表示邏輯關(guān)系的連接詞，也就掌握了解題的關(guān)鍵，從而就能順利地選出答案。

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