2020高考英語高頻考點(diǎn)——詞義猜測題巧突破
2020-02-19 10:39:48高考網(wǎng)整理
2020高考即將開戰(zhàn),你準(zhǔn)備好了嗎?高考網(wǎng)小編為各位考生整理了一些高頻考點(diǎn),供大家參考閱讀!
近三年詞義猜測題考查頻次一覽表年份
2017年 | 2016年 | 2015年 | |
全國卷Ⅰ | 2(代詞that;短語the water catcher) | 1(單詞courier) | 1(單詞contributions) |
全國卷Ⅱ | 2(代詞that;句子the tables are turned) | 2(單詞downside;代詞it) | 1(短語signed off) |
全國卷Ⅲ | 1(單詞displaced) | 2(代詞them;短語a pipe dream) | / |
近幾年高考詞義猜測題在數(shù)量上保持穩(wěn)定,每套試卷中直接考查詞義猜測的試題不超過2道。但試卷中閱讀理解部分生詞量略有擴(kuò)大,試題難度稍有增加。例如在2017年全國卷Ⅰ閱讀理解中,有部分超綱單詞(如unifying, emotion和insight)給出了漢語注釋,另外一部分超綱詞匯(如recontextualization)卻沒有附加注釋。這些單詞既不在《考試大綱》規(guī)定的詞匯表內(nèi),又未加注釋,這就意味著考生不僅僅需要完成試題中直接的詞義猜測題,還需要憑借自己的知識(shí)積累和學(xué)習(xí)能力猜測出未加注生詞的詞義,這樣才能透徹地理解文章,完成閱讀理解任務(wù)。
詞義猜測題考查的范圍主要在以下幾個(gè)方面:生詞、短語、熟詞生義、句子和代詞的指代。
常見的設(shè)問形式主要有以下幾種:
What does the underlined word "..." in Paragraph...refer to?
What does the underlined phrase "..." in Paragraph...refer to?
What does the underlined word "..." in Paragraph...mean?
What does the author mean by "..." in Paragraph...?
Which of the following can replace the underlined word "..." in Paragraph...?
無論是直接的詞義猜測題,還是閱讀中需要理解不認(rèn)識(shí)的生詞,我們都可以利用構(gòu)詞法、邏輯關(guān)系、語法關(guān)系、生活常識(shí)、文化背景和上下文語境等方法來猜出單詞或短語的意思。預(yù)計(jì)2018年此題型題量將會(huì)保持穩(wěn)定,命題重點(diǎn)仍然是考查生詞/短語的意思、熟詞生義或代詞的指代含義。
考點(diǎn)1
利用構(gòu)詞法猜詞義
漢字大多都是形聲字,聲旁表音,形旁表意。和漢字一樣,英語單詞也是按照一定的構(gòu)詞規(guī)則組成的,常見的構(gòu)詞法主要有三種:
1.合成法
合成法是指兩個(gè)或多個(gè)單詞按照一定的組合規(guī)律組合在一起,形成一個(gè)新的單詞。一般來說,新的合成詞的意思就是各個(gè)組成詞的意思的綜合。例如:workmate是由work(工作)和 mate(伙伴)組合成的新單詞,它的意思是"工友,同事"。這樣的單詞在平時(shí)閱讀中經(jīng)常見到,也比較容易猜測出它們的意思。
【小試牛刀】 (1)猜猜看,以下單詞是什么意思呢?
、賗ll-treat ②keyboard ③single-handed
、躠ir-conditioned ⑤pineapple
【典例】Encouraging this kind of thinking has a downside. I ran the risk of losing those students who had a different style of thinking. Without fail one would declare, "But I?m just not creative."...
Q:What does the underlined word "downside" in Paragraph 4 probably mean?A. Mistake. B. Drawback. C. Difficulty. D. Burden.
【解析】根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法進(jìn)行猜測,downside由down和side組成,字面意思為"下面的一邊",初步可以猜測出詞義為"不足部分"。再根據(jù)畫線單詞后的"I ran the risk of losing those students who had a different style of thinking"可知,我冒著失去那些有不同思維方式的學(xué)生的危險(xiǎn),說明我的這種教育方法也有不足之處。故畫線詞意為"缺點(diǎn)"。B。
2.派生法
派生法是英語單詞的主要構(gòu)成法,它是通過在基礎(chǔ)詞根上添加前綴或者后綴來構(gòu)造新詞。一般來說,前綴改變?cè)~義不改變?cè)~性;而后綴改變?cè)~性不改變?cè)~義。例如:dis-, un-,im-,in-,ir-,non-,mis-等是一些表示否定或者相反意思的前綴,它們用在單詞的前面往往構(gòu)成原單詞的反義詞。如:appear→disappear, possible→impossible, like→unlike, smoker→non-smoker等。又如前綴re-表示"又,再";co-表示"共同";mini-或者micro-表示"小的";over-表示"過于";super-表示"超級(jí),極";tele-表示"遠(yuǎn)的"等。
【小試牛刀】 (2) 試試看,下面單詞的意思你能猜出來嗎?
、賢elescope ②irregular
、踨e-education ④imbalance
3.轉(zhuǎn)化法
把一種詞性用作另一種詞性而詞形不變的方法叫做轉(zhuǎn)化法。例如:The author emptied all his pockets to find his ticket.empty由形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化用作動(dòng)詞,在此表示"掏空"的意思。又如:Widespread protests have placed the President under serious pressure.place由名詞轉(zhuǎn)化成動(dòng)詞,表示"安置,使……處于某位置"。
【小試牛刀】 (3)以下例句中畫線單詞是什么意思,你知道嗎?
、買f you water plants, you pour water over them in order to help them to grow.
、赪hen fortune smiled on him, he made the most of it.
、跾he smiled her thanks and arranged the guitar under her arm.
【典例】(2017·全國卷Ⅰ·C篇改編)The music can?t be presented today the way it was in 1908 or 1958. It has to continue to move, because the way the world works is not the same.Q:present在此處的詞義是本句是2017年全國卷Ⅰ中C篇的一個(gè)長難句。句子之所以難以理解,是因?yàn)楸揪涑耸褂昧藢?duì)比結(jié)構(gòu)外,還有詞語的活用:presented。present用作名詞表示"禮物";用作形容詞表示"現(xiàn)存的,當(dāng)前的";在此句中被用作動(dòng)詞,表示"展現(xiàn),表現(xiàn)"。這句話的意思是:今天的音樂不能以1908年或者1958年的方式表現(xiàn)出來。展現(xiàn),表現(xiàn)。
【方法點(diǎn)津】利用構(gòu)詞法猜測詞義的特點(diǎn):
(1)根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法猜測的詞義一般比較接近單詞的真實(shí)意思,準(zhǔn)確率比較高;
(2)有些詞具有多個(gè)詞性或詞義,添加不同的詞綴會(huì)產(chǎn)生不同的詞性和意義,需要細(xì)加區(qū)別。例如:like可以作介詞表示"像",也可以作動(dòng)詞表示"喜歡",添加否定前綴un-構(gòu)成另一個(gè)介詞unlike表示"不像",添加另一個(gè)否定前綴dis-構(gòu)成動(dòng)詞dislike表示"不喜歡",F(xiàn)在,你是否能猜出今年高考試題中recontextualization這個(gè)單詞的意思?(語境重構(gòu))
【小試牛刀答案】
(1)①虐待,折磨;②鍵盤;③獨(dú)自,單槍匹馬地,獨(dú)立;④裝有空調(diào)的;⑤菠蘿
。2)①望遠(yuǎn)鏡;②不規(guī)則的,無規(guī)律的;③再教育;④不平衡,不公平
。3)①給……澆水;②惠及,垂青;③微笑著說
考點(diǎn)2
利用邏輯關(guān)系猜詞義
語言表達(dá)總是按照一定的邏輯關(guān)系展開的,根據(jù)語言的內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系可以粗略地推斷出生詞詞義或大致義域。對(duì)我們猜測詞義幫助最大的邏輯關(guān)系有并列、轉(zhuǎn)折和因果等。
并列關(guān)系
英語中可以使用also, as...as, similarly, and, or, just as, likewise等詞語表示相同或者相近的意思,這種表示并列的關(guān)系中,只要我們認(rèn)識(shí)其中一個(gè)單詞,就可以推測出另一個(gè)單詞的意思。如:Mr. Green loves to talk, and his brothers are similarly loquacious. 分析:這個(gè)句子里面使用了表示并列關(guān)系的單詞and,還使用了表示"相似"的單詞similarly,由此可知,畫線單詞loquacious表達(dá)的意思和"loves to talk"的意思一樣,即"健談的"。
【小試牛刀】 (1)猜猜以下畫線單詞的意思
、費(fèi)y mother is short and fat. The principal of the school is almost as plump as my mother, and much shorter.
、贑hildren often try to emulate or copy the behavior that they see on television.【典例】(2017·全國卷Ⅱ·D篇)... Some plants pump out smelly chemicals to keep insects away. But others do double duty. They pump out perfumes designed to attract different insects who are natural enemies to the attackers. Once they arrive, the tables are turned.The attacker who was lunching now becomes lunch. ...
33.What does the author mean by "the tables are turned" in paragraph 3?
A. The attackers get attacked.
B. The insects gather under the table.
C. The plants get ready to fight back.
D. The perfumes attract natural enemies.
【解析】本題考查文章中對(duì)一句話的理解,屬于廣義的詞義猜測題。在這一句后面,又使用了一句同義并列的句子來對(duì)其進(jìn)行解釋,根據(jù)后一句話的意思 "正在吃午餐的攻擊者變成了午餐"可以知道,畫線句子是指形勢發(fā)生了轉(zhuǎn)變。A。
2.轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系
in contrast, on the contrary, unlike, however, but, despite, while等詞匯常常會(huì)被用來表示前后關(guān)系的轉(zhuǎn)折,其前后表示相反的意思。同樣,我們也可以根據(jù)其中一個(gè)詞匯來推知另一個(gè)表示相反意思的詞匯。如:
Like poles repel; unlike poles attract.
分析:這是一個(gè)典型的表示對(duì)比關(guān)系的句子,前后表達(dá)了相反的意思,還使用了反義對(duì)比的詞匯Like和unlike,由此可知,repel和attract的意思相反,repel在此表示"排斥"。
【小試牛刀】 (2)猜猜以下畫線單詞的意思
①Andrew is one of the most supercilious men I know. His brother, in contrast, is quite humble and modest.
、贠ur maths professor claims that all the problems he gives us are simple ones, but we feel that they are intricate and hard to solve.
3.因果關(guān)系
英語中使用because, since, for, as, so, as a result, thus, therefore等詞匯表達(dá)因果關(guān)系,因?yàn)橐蚺c果具有直接聯(lián)系,所以也可以用來猜測詞義。
如:Tom is considered an autocratic administrator because he makes decisions without seeking the opinions of others.
分析:根據(jù)原因狀語從句的內(nèi)容(他不征求別人的意見就作出決定)可以推斷出,生詞autocratic的意思是"獨(dú)斷專行的"。
There were so many demonstrators in the Red Square that he had to elbow his way through the crowd.
分析:此句使用了結(jié)果狀語從句,根據(jù)主句的描述"許多示威者",我們便可推知elbow的詞義為"用肘擠,用肘推"。
【典例】...There are also varieties developed to suit specific local conditions. One of the very best varieties for eating quality is Orleans Reinette, but you?ll need a warm, sheltered place with perfect soil to grow it, so it?s a pipe dream for most apple lovers who fall for it....
Q:What does the underlined phrase "a pipe dream" in Paragraph 3 mean?
A. A practical idea. B. A vain hope.
C. A brilliant plan. D. A selfish desire.
【解析】本題考查猜測短語a pipe dream的意思。本段講述了一種最好吃的蘋果,它被叫作Orleans Reinette,但其種植條件苛刻,所以愛吃的人很難得到。該短語前有明確的結(jié)果連詞so連接前后句,根據(jù)前面要求的條件可知,后面的a pipe dream表示"脫離實(shí)際的愿望",與B項(xiàng)"徒勞的希望"意思一致。B。
【方法點(diǎn)津】利用邏輯關(guān)系猜測詞義的特點(diǎn):
。1)并列、轉(zhuǎn)折和因果等邏輯關(guān)系都具有推理的必然性,因此使用邏輯關(guān)系推理的詞義準(zhǔn)確率會(huì)比較高;
。2)邏輯關(guān)系的判斷需要平常多關(guān)注句式的邏輯關(guān)系,形成對(duì)邏輯關(guān)系詞的敏感感知能力,快速有效地判斷語句和詞匯的關(guān)系和意義。
【小試牛刀答案】(1)①豐腴的,微胖的;②模仿
。2)①傲慢的,高傲的;②錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜的
考點(diǎn)3
利用語法關(guān)系猜詞義
英語的一些語法結(jié)構(gòu)或者行文技巧也可以幫助我們猜測詞義,例如:下定義、定語從句、同位語、自問自答、舉例和標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)。
1.下定義
mean, refer to, is, that is, namely等后的內(nèi)容往往是對(duì)前面進(jìn)行注解性說明的,可以幫助猜測詞義。
如:Annealing is a way of making metal softer by heating it and then letting it cool very slowly.
分析:本句就是一個(gè)由is引起的下定義的句子,is后面的內(nèi)容對(duì)前面生詞作了詳細(xì)注解,故不難猜出anneal是"使(金屬)退火"的意思。
【小試牛刀】 猜猜下面畫線單詞的意思
、貾antomime refers to a short play in which no words are spoken.
、贗t will be very hard but also very brittle — that is, it will break easily.
2.定語從句
如:Jack is now a florist, who keeps a shop for selling flowers in our district.
分析:非限制性定語從句修飾限定了先行詞的內(nèi)容和范疇,因此根據(jù)后面的從句可猜測出florist的意思為"花商"。
3.同位語
同位語是對(duì)其前的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行解釋說明的,所以,同位語也是猜測單詞詞義的一個(gè)好辦法。
如:Semantics, the study of the meaning of words, is necessary if you are to speak and read intelligently.
分析:同位語the study of the meaning of words解釋了Semantics的意思,因此可知,semantics的意思是"語義學(xué)"。
4.自問自答
如:What is plagiarism? It is using others ideas and words without clearly mentioning where the information is from.
分析:本句使用了自問自答的方式解釋了單詞plagiarism的意思,指"不說明信息的出處就使用他人的觀點(diǎn)或話語",由此可以猜出plagiarism的意思是"剽竊,抄襲"。
5.舉例
如:The consequences of epochal events such as wars and great scientific discoveries are not confined to a small geographical area as they were in the past.
分析:本句使用such as列舉了epochal events的一些典型例子,根據(jù)例子(戰(zhàn)爭和重大科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn))可以推測出epochal event指的是"重大的事件,有劃時(shí)代意義的事件"。
6.標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)
冒號(hào)、破折號(hào)和括號(hào)等標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)也可以表示解釋,能幫助我們猜測詞義。
如:You may borrow from the library any periodicals: News Weekly, Reader?s Digest, The New Yorkers.分析:冒號(hào)表示解釋,根據(jù)冒號(hào)后面所列舉的期刊可以猜出periodicals的意思是"期刊"。
此外,periodical是一個(gè)由period(名詞,時(shí)期)轉(zhuǎn)化而來的單詞,也可以根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法猜出這個(gè)單詞的意思。
【典例】(2017·天津卷·C篇)...The proposal attempts to deal with what some call the "death valley" of autonomous vehicles: the grey area between semi\|autonomous and fully driverless cars that could delay the driverless future....
46.What does the phrase "death valley" in Paragraph 2 refer to?
A. A place where cars often break down.
B. A case where passing a law is impossible.
C. An area where no driving is permitted.
D. A situation where drivers? role is not clear.
【解析】本題考查文章中短語death valley的含義。在這一句話后面使用了冒號(hào),冒號(hào)后的內(nèi)容對(duì)這個(gè)短語的意義予以解釋:能夠拖延無人駕駛未來的介于半自動(dòng)駕駛和完全無人駕駛汽車之間的灰色區(qū)域。D。
【典例】(2017·江蘇卷·B篇)Before birth, babies can tell the difference between loud sounds and voices. They can even distinguish their mother?s voice from that of a female stranger. But when it comes to embryonic learning(胎教),birds could rule the roost. As recently reported in The Auk: Ornithological Advances, some mother birds may teach their young to sing even before they hatch(孵化). New\|born chicks can then imitate their mom?s call within a few days of entering the world. ...
58.The underlined phrase in Paragraph 1 means "".
A. be the worst B. be the best
C. be just as bad D. be just as gooddoor
【解析】在猜測短語rule the roost的意思時(shí),我們可以注意到下文進(jìn)行了舉例,根據(jù)例子可知,鳥類在幼崽孵化之前就進(jìn)行胎教,可見鳥類對(duì)幼崽撫育之好。B。
【小試牛刀答案】 ①啞;②脆的,易碎的
考點(diǎn)4
利用生活常識(shí)和文化背景猜詞義
在閱讀有關(guān)日常生活或大家比較熟悉的事物的文章時(shí),即使存在一些生詞,我們也可以根據(jù)生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)和常識(shí)以及文化背景來猜測單詞的意思,
如:The snake slithered through the grass.分析:蛇是一種爬行動(dòng)物,根據(jù)這個(gè)生活常識(shí)可以猜出,slither意為"爬行"。
Most of the flowers are beginning to wither because of the cold weather.
分析:天氣寒冷,大多數(shù)花都會(huì)凋謝,這是生活常識(shí)。由此可以猜出,wither的意思是"枯萎,凋謝"。
When a doctor performs an operation on a patient, he usually gives an anaesthetic to make him unconscious, because he does not want his patient to feel pain or to know what is happening to him.
分析:根據(jù)常識(shí)可知,醫(yī)生在給病人動(dòng)手術(shù)之前,通常會(huì)使用麻醉藥來減輕病人的痛苦。由此可知,anaesthetic的意思應(yīng)該是"麻醉藥,麻醉劑"。
高考示例
...Frequently it happens that a place has two names: One is named by the people and the other by the government. As in many areas, old habits die hard, and the place continues to be called by its unofficial name long after the meaning is lost....Q:What does the underlined phrase "die hard" in Paragraph 1 probably mean?
A. Change suddenly. B. Change significantly.
C. Disappear mysteriously. D. Disappear very slowly.
【解析】本題考查對(duì)短語die hard意思的猜測。根據(jù)生活常識(shí)可以知道,習(xí)慣很難改變,而且在漢語中,形容某人固執(zhí)時(shí)也會(huì)使用"死硬"這一說法。再結(jié)合文章意思可知答案。D。
考點(diǎn)5
利用上下文語境猜詞義
在文章中,任何一個(gè)單詞都不是孤立存在的,它總要通過上下文和其他單詞有著緊密的聯(lián)系,通過這些聯(lián)系也可以猜測出單詞的意思,尤其是代詞的指代含義。
高考示例
(2017·全國卷Ⅱ·B篇)...We shared the belief that if you?re fortunate enough to have success, you should put something back — he with his Newman?s Own food and his Hole in the Wall camps for kids who are seriously ill, and me with Sundance and the institute and the festival. Paul and I didn?t see each other all that regularly, but sharing that brought us together. We supported each other financially and by showing up at events....26.What does the underlined word "that" in paragraph 3 refer to?
A. Their belief. B. Their care for children.
C. Their success. D. Their support for each other.dot
【解析】代詞指代的大多都是前面已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)的名詞,為了避免重復(fù)而使用了代詞。根據(jù)上文的內(nèi)容可知,讓作者和朋友走到一起的是兩個(gè)人共同的信念。A。
【方法點(diǎn)津】代詞指代題一般是在人物或事物關(guān)系比較復(fù)雜的情況下設(shè)置的一種題型,考查考生對(duì)復(fù)雜關(guān)系的分析能力,要求考生對(duì)代詞所在句以及緊鄰幾個(gè)句子的結(jié)構(gòu)和意思都有準(zhǔn)確的理解。文章中的代詞it, that, he, him, them等可以指上文提到的人或物,其中it和that還可以指代一件事。有時(shí)代詞指代的對(duì)象相隔較遠(yuǎn),考生要認(rèn)真查找;有時(shí)考生需要對(duì)前面提到的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行總結(jié)概括,才能得出代詞所指代的對(duì)象?忌衫蒙舷挛恼Z境,采用邏輯關(guān)系梳理法,使人物或事物的關(guān)系明朗化。要記住代詞通常出現(xiàn)在原詞之后,根據(jù)這條原則考生可以快速鎖定答案,最后帶入原句中進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證。
【典例】The reason why a country like Britain does not buy snowploughs (掃雪機(jī))is that they are used for a few days in any one year, and the money could be more useful in other things such as health care, education, helping the old and so on.
Q: The word "they" refers to .
A. snowfalls B. British people
C. snowploughs D. countries like Britain
【解析】這個(gè)題的解題思路有多個(gè):根據(jù)代詞的用法和單復(fù)數(shù)可知,代詞用來指代前面出現(xiàn)的名詞,they是指代名詞復(fù)數(shù)的,觀察前文,用作復(fù)數(shù)的名詞就只有snowploughs。C。
【典例】I am Peter Hodes, a volunteer stem cell courier. Since March 2012, I?ve done 89 trips — of those, 51 have been abroad. I have 42 hours to carry stem cells(干細(xì)胞) in my little box because I?ve got two ice packs and that?s how long they last. In all, from the time the stem cells are harvested from a donor(捐獻(xiàn)者) to the time they can be implanted in the patient, we?ve got 72 hours at most. So I am always conscious of time. ...29.Which of the following can replace the underlined word "courier" in Paragraph 1?
A. provider B. delivery man
C. collector D. medical doctor
【解析】本題考查單詞courier的詞義。根據(jù)下文中的"89 trips"和其后的"to carry stem cells(干細(xì)胞)"可知,作者是運(yùn)送干細(xì)胞的人員。B。
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