2020高考英語(yǔ)高頻考點(diǎn)——寫作意圖題巧突破

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　　考點(diǎn)1

　　寫作意圖題

　　此類題型要求考生根據(jù)文章的論述，推測(cè)作者的寫作意圖及應(yīng)用某種寫作手法的目的。作者一般不直接陳述自己的意圖，而是通過(guò)文章所提供的客觀事實(shí)使讀者信服某種想法或觀點(diǎn)。這類題型要求考生不僅能理解文章的內(nèi)容，還要具備對(duì)作者所闡述的問(wèn)題及使用的寫作手法進(jìn)行分析和歸納總結(jié)的能力。整篇文章的寫作意圖的常見設(shè)問(wèn)方式有：

　　For what purpose did the author write the passage?

　　The writer writes this passage in order to           .

　　The purpose of the text is to           .

　　某處細(xì)節(jié)的寫作目的的常見設(shè)問(wèn)方式有：

　　What is the purpose of the last part of the text?

　　The writer uses...in the first paragraph to            .

　　The writer uses the example of...to          .

　　【典例1】

　�。�2017·北京卷·C篇）Measles(麻疹), which once killed 450 children each year and disabled even more, was nearly wiped out in the United States 14 years ago by the universal use of the MMR vaccine(疫苗). But the disease is making a comeback, caused by a growing anti\|vaccine movement and misinformation that is spreading quickly. Already this year, 115 measles cases have been reported in the USA, compared with 189 for all of last year.The numbers might sound small, but they are the leading edge of a dangerous trend. When vaccination rates are very high, as they still are in the nation as a whole, everyone is protected. This is called "herd immunity", which protects the people who get hurt easily, including those who can?t be vaccinated for medical reasons, babies too young to get vaccinated and people on whom the vaccine doesn?t work.But herd immunity works only when nearly the whole herd joins in. When some refuse vaccination and seek a free ride, immunity breaks down and everyone is in even bigger danger.That?s exactly what is happening in small neighborhoods around the country from Orange County, California, where 22 measles cases were reported this month, to Brooklyn, N.Y., where a 17\|year\|old caused an outbreak last year.The resistance to vaccine has continued for decades, and it is driven by a real but very small risk. Those who refuse to take that risk selfishly make others suffer.Making things worse are state laws that make it too easy to opt out(決定不參加) of what are supposed to be required vaccines for all children entering kindergarten. Seventeen states allow parents to get an exemption(豁免), sometimes just by signing a paper saying they personally object to a vaccine.Now, several states are moving to tighten laws by adding new regulations for opting out. But no one does enough to limit exemptions.Parents ought to be able to opt out only for limited medical or religious reasons. But personal opinions? Not good enough. Everyone enjoys the life\|saving benefits vaccines provide, but they?ll exist only as long as everyone shares in the risks.66.What is the purpose of the passage?

　　A. To introduce the idea of exemption.

　　B. To discuss methods to cure measles.

　　C. To stress the importance of vaccination.

　　D. To appeal for equal rights in medical treatment.

　　【解析】這是一篇說(shuō)明文。第一段大意：麻疹卷土重來(lái)。第二至三段大意: 不接種疫苗的危害。第四段大意：美國(guó)的麻疹爆發(fā)。第五至七段大意：人們對(duì)接種疫苗的抵制及一些州采取的措施。第八段大意：接種疫苗的重要性。根據(jù)上述段落大意以及最后一段中的"Everyone enjoys the life\|saving benefits vaccines provide, but they?ll exist only as long as everyone shares in the risks"可知，作者的目的是強(qiáng)調(diào)接種麻疹疫苗的重要性。A項(xiàng)"介紹豁免這一概念"；B項(xiàng)"探討治療麻疹的辦法"；D項(xiàng)"呼吁醫(yī)學(xué)治療的公平性"。這三項(xiàng)均與文章主旨無(wú)關(guān)，故排除。C。

　　【技巧點(diǎn)撥】解此類題主要有兩種方法。

　　1.主旨推斷法：寫作目的是闡述作者為何要表達(dá)某個(gè)中心主題，因此可根據(jù)文章或段落的主旨推斷作者的寫作目的。比如上述例題就是通過(guò)每段段落的主旨推斷出答案的。

　　2.文體推斷法：根據(jù)文體的特點(diǎn)來(lái)推斷。不同體裁的文章有不同的寫作目的，故事類記敘文的寫作目的通常是使讀者感到快樂(lè)(to entertain)；廣告類應(yīng)用文的寫作目的是推銷產(chǎn)品或提供服務(wù)（to persuade)；議論文的寫作目的是闡述論點(diǎn)(to argue)；科普類說(shuō)明文的寫作目的是介紹科學(xué)知識(shí)，使大家緊跟時(shí)代步伐(to inform)。上述典例就屬于說(shuō)明文，其寫作目的是強(qiáng)調(diào)接種麻疹疫苗的重要性。

　　【典例2】

　�。�2017·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ·A篇）...◆Support Pacific Science Center

　　Since 1962, Pacific Science Center has been inspiring a passion(熱情) for discovery and lifelong learning in science, math and technology. Today, Pacific Science Center serves more than 1.3 million people a year and brings inquiry\|based science education to classrooms and community events all over Washington State. Itis an amazing accomplishment and one we cannot achieve without generous support from individuals, corporations, and other social organizations. Visit pacificsciencecenter.org to find various ways you can support Pacific Science Center.23.What is the purpose of the last part of the text?

　　A. To encourage donations.

　　B. To advertise coming events.

　　C. To introduce special exhibits.

　　D. To tell about the Centeris history.

　　【解析】本題是對(duì)某處細(xì)節(jié)的寫作目的的考查。本段倒數(shù)第二句提及：要是沒(méi)有個(gè)人、大公司和其他社會(huì)組織的慷慨支持的話，我們不能實(shí)現(xiàn)這樣驚人的成就。最后一句呼吁人們找各種各樣的方式來(lái)支持太平洋科學(xué)中心。此處可利用排除法解題，本段并沒(méi)有為該中心做廣告，故B項(xiàng)的陳述錯(cuò)誤；本段沒(méi)有介紹特色展品，可排除C項(xiàng)；本段提到這個(gè)中心創(chuàng)辦于1962年，但是沒(méi)有介紹它的歷史，可排除D項(xiàng)。只有A項(xiàng)提及的鼓勵(lì)捐贈(zèng)與本段主旨吻合。  A。

　　考點(diǎn)2

　　觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題

　　觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題是高考的�？键c(diǎn)。作者及文中人物的態(tài)度、思想傾向是指作者及文中人物對(duì)某觀點(diǎn)是贊同、反對(duì)還是猶豫不決，對(duì)記述和描寫的人、物或事件等是贊揚(yáng)、同情、冷漠還是厭惡、憎恨。作者及文中人物的這種思想傾向和感情色彩往往隱含在文章的字里行間或流露于修飾的詞語(yǔ)中。因此，做此類題時(shí)，應(yīng)特別注意作者及文中人物的措辭。常見標(biāo)志是題目中出現(xiàn)attitude, opinion等詞。常見的設(shè)問(wèn)方式有：

　　The attitude of the author towards...is        .

　　What is the authoris opinion on ...?

　　What?s the writeris attitude towards...?

　　What does ... think about...?

　　【典例3】

　�。�2017·全國(guó)卷Ⅱ·C篇）...Inventors have been trying to make flying cars since the 1930s, according to Robert Mann, an airline industry expert. But Mann thinks Terrafugia has come closer than anyone to making the flying car a reality. The government has already permitted the company to use special materials to make it easier for the vehicle to fly. The Transition is now going through crash tests to make sure it meets federal safety standards....30.What is the government?s attitude to the development of the flying car?

　　A. Cautious. B. Favorable.C. Ambiguous. D. Disapproving.

　　【解析】根據(jù)題干中的關(guān)鍵信息government定位到文章第三段（即選段）第三句"The government has already permitted the company to use special materials to make it easier for the vehicle to fly"，由此可以推斷政府對(duì)此是持支持態(tài)度的。cautious謹(jǐn)慎的，favorable贊同的，ambiguous模棱兩可的，disapproving不贊成的。B。

　　【方法點(diǎn)津】做觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題時(shí)要注意：

　　1.看清楚是誰(shuí)對(duì)什么的態(tài)度，比如本題中提問(wèn)的是the government is attitude，因此就要依照government來(lái)定位，在文章中找相應(yīng)的依據(jù)。

　　2.掌握常考的表示觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度的詞語(yǔ)，見下表：

　　3.不要摻雜自己的觀點(diǎn)。要學(xué)會(huì)區(qū)分不同的觀點(diǎn)，尤其要善于找出作者的觀點(diǎn)�？忌�要注意文中出現(xiàn)的直接引語(yǔ)和間接引語(yǔ)，這些觀點(diǎn)一般是當(dāng)事人的觀點(diǎn)，而不是作者的觀點(diǎn)。作者的觀點(diǎn)一般用in my view, in my opinion, personally, I think, I hold等引出。同時(shí)要分清選項(xiàng)中表示支持或肯定、中立、反對(duì)或否定的詞語(yǔ)，再以此對(duì)照文章內(nèi)容。

　　【典例4】

　　In the depths of the French Guianese rainforest, there still remain unusual groups of indigenous (土著的) people. Surprisingly, these people live largely by their own laws and their own social customs...

　　The lives of these people have finally been recorded thanks to the efforts of a Frenchman from Paris called Gin. Gin spent five months in early 2015 exploring the most remote corners of this area, which sits on the edge of the Amazon rainforest, with half its population of only 250,000 living in its capital, Cayenne."

　　I have a special love for the French Guianese people. I have worked there on and off for almost ten years," says Gin. "I love been able to keep firm friendships with them. Thus I have been allowed to gain access to their living environment. I don?t see it as a lawless land. But rather I see it as an area of freedom."...

　　Q：What is Gins attitude towards the lives of the indigenous Guianese?

　　A. Cautious.   B. Doubtful.    C. Uninterested.    D. Appreciative.

　　【解析】由文中第三段"I have a special love for the French Guianese people"以及"I donot see it as a lawless land. But rather I see it as an area of freedom"可知，Gin很欣賞圭亞那土著人的生活方式。D。

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