2009屆高三英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法復(fù)習(xí)教案之情態(tài)動(dòng)詞
來(lái)源:本站原創(chuàng) 2009-02-27 13:44:03
一.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)法特征
1. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞不能表示正在發(fā)生或已經(jīng)發(fā)生的事情,只表示期待或估計(jì)某事的發(fā)生。
2. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 除ought 和have 外,后面只能接不帶to 的不定式。
3. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞沒有人稱,數(shù)的變化,即情態(tài)動(dòng)詞第三人稱單數(shù)不加-s。
4. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞沒有非謂語(yǔ)形式,即沒有不定式、分詞、等形式。
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的分類和意義
意義情態(tài)動(dòng)詞
can, may, might, could, would, will, shall, must, should, ought to, used to
二.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的基本用法
1. can (could)
1) 表示能力,could主要指過去時(shí)間。例如:
① Two eyes can see more than one. 兩只眼比一只眼看得清。
② Could the girl read before she went to school? 這女孩上學(xué)前能識(shí)字嗎?
2) 表示可能(理論上或是邏輯判斷上)。例如:~,>_K
① He can't (couldn't) have enough money for a new car. 他不可能有足夠的錢買新車。
② You mustn't smoke while you're walking around in the wood. You could start a fire. 在林子里走時(shí)勿吸煙,那樣可能會(huì)引起火災(zāi)。
3) 表示允許。例如:
① Can I have a look at your new pen? 我可以看一看你的新鋼筆嗎?
② He asked whether he could take the book out of the reading-room. 他問他可不可以把書帶出閱覽室。
4) 表驚異、懷疑、不相信等態(tài)度。主要用于否定句、疑問句或感嘆句中。例如:
① Where can (could) they have gone to? 他們會(huì)去哪兒了呢?
② How can you be so careless? 你怎么這么粗心?
5) 比較委婉客氣地提出問題或陳述看法。例如:
① Can (Could) you lend me a hand? 幫我一把好嗎?.
② I'm afraid we couldn't give you an answer today. 恐怕我們今天不能給你答復(fù)。
2.may (might)
1) 表允許,might可以指過去時(shí)間,也可指現(xiàn)在時(shí)間,語(yǔ)氣更委婉。例如:
① You may take whatever you like.你喜歡什么就拿什么。
② May (Might) I ask for a photo of your baby? 我可以要一張你寶寶的照片嗎?
在回答以may引起的問句時(shí),多避免用這個(gè)詞,而用其它方式,如Yes, please. / Certainly. / Please don't. / You'd better not. / No, you mustn't.等,以免顯得太嚴(yán)峻或不客氣。
2) 表可能(事實(shí)上)。可以指過去時(shí)間,也可以指現(xiàn)在時(shí)間,但語(yǔ)氣更加不肯定。例如:
① He may be at home. 他可能在家。\
② She may not know about it. 她可能不知道這件事。
must
1) 表示義務(wù)。意為"必須"(主觀意志)。例如:
① We must do everything step by step. 我們一切都必須循序漸進(jìn)地做。
② --Must we hand in our exercise books now?我們現(xiàn)在就要交練習(xí)本嗎?
--No, you needn't. / No, you don't have to. 不必。
4) 表示揣測(cè)。意為"想必、準(zhǔn)是、一定"等,只用于肯定句。例如:
① He must be ill. He looks so pale. 他準(zhǔn)是病了。他的臉色蒼白。
② She's wearing a diamond necklace. She must have a lot of money. 她戴著鉆石項(xiàng)鏈,一定很有錢。:
3.shall
1) 表征詢意見,用于第一、第三人稱疑問句。例如:
① Shall I get you some tea? 我給你點(diǎn)茶好嗎?
② Shall the boy wait outside? 讓那男孩在外面等嗎?
2) 表說(shuō)話人的意愿,有"命令、允諾、警告、決心"等意思,用于第二、第三人稱陳述句。例如:
① You shall do as I say. 按我說(shuō)的做。(命令)
② You shall have my answer tomorrow. 你明天可以得到我的答復(fù)。(允諾)
③ He shall be sorry for it one day, I tell you. 有一天他會(huì)后悔的,我告訴你。(警告)
④ Nothing shall stop us from carrying out the plan. 什么也不能阻止我們執(zhí)行這項(xiàng)計(jì)劃。(決心)
4.will
1) 表意愿,用于各種人稱陳述句。例如:
① I will do anything for you. 我愿為你做任何事。
② None is so blind as those who won't see. 不愿看的人眼最瞎。
③ If you will read the book, I'll lend it to you. 如果你愿意讀這本書,我會(huì)把它借給你。
2) 表請(qǐng)求,用于疑問句。例如:
① Will you close the window? 請(qǐng)你把窗戶關(guān)上好嗎?
② Won't you drink some more coffee? 再來(lái)一點(diǎn)咖啡好嗎?
3) 表示某種傾向或習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作。例如:
① Fish will die out of water. 魚離開水就不能活。
② The door won't open. 這門打不開。
5. should
1) 表義務(wù)。意為"應(yīng)該"(某件事宜于做),用于各種人稱。例如:
① You should be polite to your teachers. 你對(duì)老師應(yīng)該有禮貌。
② You shouldn't waste any time. 你不應(yīng)該浪費(fèi)時(shí)間。
2) 表推測(cè),意為"想必一定、照說(shuō)應(yīng)該、估計(jì)"等。例如:
① The film should be very good as it is starring first-class actors. 這部新電影是一流演員主演的,估計(jì)拍得很好。
② They should be home by now. 照說(shuō)他們現(xiàn)在應(yīng)當(dāng)已經(jīng)到家了。
3)(表示不確定)萬(wàn)一。例如:
① If I should see him, I'll tell him. 萬(wàn)一我見到他,我就告訴他。
② If it should rain tomorrow, the sports meeting would be postponed. 萬(wàn)一明天下雨,比賽就延期舉行。"
6. would
1) 表意愿。例如::
① They would not let him in because he was poorly dressed. 他們不讓他進(jìn)去因?yàn)樗轮婆f。
② I said I would do anything for you. 我說(shuō)過我愿意為你做任何事。
2) 表委婉地提出請(qǐng)求、建議或看法。例如:
① Would you mind cleaning the window? 請(qǐng)把窗戶擦一下好嗎?
② They wouldn't have anything against it. 他們不會(huì)有什么反對(duì)意見。
3) 表過去反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或過去的一種傾向。例如::
Every time she was in trouble, she would go to him for help. 她每遇到麻煩都會(huì)向她求助。他告訴我盒子打不開了。
7.ought to
1) 表義務(wù),意為"應(yīng)該"(因責(zé)任、義務(wù)等該做),口氣比should稍重。例如:
① You are his father. You ought to take care of him.你是他父親,應(yīng)當(dāng)管他。
② You oughtn't to smoke so much. 你不應(yīng)該抽這么多煙。
2) 表推測(cè),暗含很大的可能,語(yǔ)氣較弱。例如:
① Han Mei ought to know his telephone number. 韓梅該知道他的電話號(hào)碼。
② There's a fine sunset; it ought to be a fine day tomorrow. 今天有晚霞,明天應(yīng)該是個(gè)好天。
8. used to
表示過去的習(xí)慣動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),現(xiàn)在不復(fù)發(fā)生或存在。疑問式和否定式有兩種。例如:i
① There used to be a building at the street corner, but it has been pulled down. 街道拐角處過去有座樓房,現(xiàn)在拆了。
② I usedn't (didn't use) to smoke. 我過去不抽煙。j }F
③ Used you (Did you use) to go to school on foot? 你過去常步行去學(xué)校嗎?
9.特殊情態(tài)動(dòng)詞need和dare的用法:
need和dare既可用作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞,也可用作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞。用作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí),主要用于否定句和疑問句。用作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞時(shí),可用于各種句式。
1) 用作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。例如:|
① You needn't telephone him now. 你現(xiàn)在不必打電話給他。
② I don't think you need worry. 我想你不必發(fā)愁。
③ She dare not go out alone at night. 她晚上不敢一個(gè)人出去。
④ How dare you say I'm unfair? 你竟敢說(shuō)我不公平?_
2) 用作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞。例如:
① You don't need to do it yourself. 你不必親自做這件事。
② We need to tell them the news. 我們需要把這消息告訴他們。
③ The table needs painting (to be painted.). 桌子需要油漆一下。
④ We should dare to give our own opinion. 我們要敢于提出自己的觀點(diǎn)。
⑤ He did not dare (to) look up. 他不敢抬頭看。
⑥ I dare say he'll come again. 我想他會(huì)再來(lái)的。
【注意】(I dare say…為固定習(xí)語(yǔ))
◆ 難點(diǎn)突破
1. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后跟完成式和進(jìn)行式的用法
1) 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+動(dòng)詞完成式
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+動(dòng)詞完成式即"情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+ have + done分詞",表示對(duì)過去行為或動(dòng)作進(jìn)行推測(cè)、評(píng)論或判斷。
must have done 表示對(duì)過去某事的肯定猜測(cè)。其否定或疑問形式都用can(could) 來(lái)表示。 例如:
① Since the road is wet, it must have rained last night.
② He can't have missed the way. I drew him a map.
③ The dictionary has disappeared. Who could have taken it?
當(dāng)然對(duì)現(xiàn)在發(fā)生或?qū)?lái)發(fā)生的事情,要用must do 表示猜測(cè), 否定為can't do。例如:
④ He must understand that we mean business.
⑤ You must be hungry after a long walk.
may / might have done表示推測(cè)過去某事"也許"發(fā)生了.may 比 might 表示的可能性在說(shuō)話人看來(lái)稍大些。例如:
⑥ I can't find my keys. I may / might have left them at the school yesterday.
could have done 在肯定句型中, 往往用作委婉的批評(píng). 本應(yīng)該做什么,而沒做; 有時(shí)也用作猜測(cè)。例如:
⑦ You could have told us earlier.
⑧ Tom could have taken the dictionary.
ought to / should have done和 ought not to / shouldn't have done用于對(duì)已發(fā)生的情況表示"責(zé)備"、"不滿",分別表示"本應(yīng)該…"和"本不應(yīng)該…"。例如:
⑨ With all the work finished, I should have gone to the party last night.
⑩ You ought not to have made fun of him. He is not the one you laugh at but learn from.
needn't have done 表示過去做了某事,但沒有做的必要, 意為"本沒必要…"。例如:
⑾ You needn't have waken me up; I don't have to go to work today.
【注意】表示推測(cè)過去某動(dòng)作發(fā)生的可能性時(shí),就表示的可能性程度而言,must最大,could其次,may更次之,might最小。例如:
⑿ ---I wonder how Tom knew about your past.
---He must / could / may / might have heard of it from Mary.
2) 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+動(dòng)詞進(jìn)行式
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+行為動(dòng)詞進(jìn)行式(即情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+ be + doing形式),表示推測(cè)或評(píng)論某動(dòng)作現(xiàn)在是否正在進(jìn)行。例如:
① He must be playing basketball in the room.
② She may be staying at home.
3) 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+動(dòng)詞完成進(jìn)行式
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+行為動(dòng)詞完成進(jìn)行式(即情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+ have been + v-ing形式),表示推測(cè)或評(píng)論過去某動(dòng)作是否正在進(jìn)行或一直在進(jìn)行。例如:
① They should have been meeting to discuss the problem.
② He may / might have been buying stamps in the post office when you saw him.|
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