英語動詞不定式的完成體解讀

　　動詞不定式的時態(tài)上可分為三種，即：一般式to do，to be done；進(jìn)行式to be doing；完成式to have done，to have been done；完成進(jìn)行式to have been doing。下面談?wù)劜欢ㄊ降耐瓿审w。

　　一、動詞不定式的完成體

　　(1)如果不定式表示的動作是瞬間動作時，它表示一個在現(xiàn)在或過去某時之前已經(jīng)完成的動作；如果是延續(xù)性動詞，它表示一個一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在或過去某時的動作。

　　A.常見的可接不定式的完成體的有：happen，see，appear，prove，pretend，seem等。例如：

　　They seem to have experienced a destructive earthquake.他們似乎已經(jīng)歷了一場毀滅性的地震。(表示事情已經(jīng)發(fā)生)

　　My grandmother appeared to have lived a happy life.我奶奶似乎一直過得很幸福。(她的幸福生活一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在)

　　B.常見的可用于“主語 + be said + to have done/been”，相當(dāng)于主動句“People say that ...”，類似的結(jié)構(gòu)有：be reported /thought/supposed/expected/believed/considered/known等。例如：

　　Her husband is said to have given up smoking.據(jù)說她丈夫已經(jīng)戒煙了。(戒煙發(fā)生在“據(jù)說”之前)

　　The young girl is reported to have served the club for five years.據(jù)說那個小姑娘已經(jīng)在這個俱樂部服役五年了。(不定式表示謂語動作所處的狀態(tài))

　　C.常見的可以接不定式完成體的形容詞有：glad，happy，sad，disappointed，satisfied，sorry，surprised等。例如：

　　I’m sorry to have given you so much trouble.對不起，給您添了那么多的麻煩。

　　We are disappointed to have known that our team lost the game.知道了我們隊(duì)輸了這場比賽，我們很失望。

　　試比較下面不定式的一般式和完成式的區(qū)別：

　　I’m happy to have seen you.見到你很高興。(分手時說的話)

　　I’m happy to see you.見到你很高興。 (見面時說的話)

　　I’m sorry to keep you waiting for a moment.對不起，要請你等一會。(說話時還未等)

　　I’m sorry to have kept you waiting for a long time.對不起，讓你等久了。(說話時已經(jīng)等了很久了)

　　(2)be + 不定式完成時態(tài)表示本該做或想做但又未做的動作。例如：

　　You were to have arrived there early that day.__那天你們應(yīng)該早點(diǎn)兒到那。(但你們晚到了。)

　　I was to have helped him then，but I was too busy.那時我本想幫他的忙，可我太忙了。(未幫他的忙)

　　(3)表示“意圖，打算”之意的動詞如hope，wish，expect，think，suppose，want，plan，agree，mean，try等用過去時，后接不定時完成時做賓語時，表示想做而未做成的事情。這種意義也可用這類詞的“過去完成時 + 不定式的一般式”來表達(dá)。例如：

　　We wished to have put out the fire in thirty minutes.(= We had wished to put out the fire in thirty minutes.) 我們本打算半小時就把火撲滅的。(結(jié)果沒有)

　　The engineers planned to have removed the temple before the dam was completed.(=The engineers had planned to remove the temple before the dam was completed.) 工程師們決定大壩建成之前把那座寺廟移走。

　　二、動詞不定式的完成進(jìn)行體

　　動詞不定式的完成進(jìn)行體表示不定式的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞之前，并一直在進(jìn)行著。其結(jié)構(gòu)與不定式的完成體類似。如：

　　He is said to have been translating Lu Xun’s works into English.據(jù)說他一直在把魯迅的作品譯成英文。(現(xiàn)仍然在譯)

　　He seems to have been teaching in that school for ten years.他似乎已經(jīng)在那所學(xué)校教了十年書了。(強(qiáng)調(diào)繼續(xù)教)

　　The kind-hearted millionaire is very happy to have been helping the disabled.那位善良的富翁一直在幫助殘疾人，并為此感到非常高興。(仍在幫助)

　　We supposed to have been living here till our children grew up.我們原以為可以在這一直呆下去，直到我們的孩子長大。(但我們家搬了)

　　三、動詞不定時完成體的被動式

　　當(dāng)主語與不定式的動詞有被動關(guān)系，且不定式所表示的動作又先于謂語動詞動作發(fā)生時，動詞不定式就要用完成體的被動式。例如：

　　The book is said to have been translated into many languages.__據(jù)說那本書已被譯成了多種語言。

　　The oranges were thought to have all been sold out.人們認(rèn)為桔子已經(jīng)全部賣光了。

　　He is very sad to have lost four relatives in the earthquake.__他為這次地震中失去了四位親人而感到十分痛心。