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高考英語(yǔ)必考的13種時(shí)態(tài)實(shí)例全匯總!

來(lái)源:搜狐教育 2016-12-29 10:37:36

  一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)

  一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表現(xiàn)在

  1. 表示現(xiàn)在經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作。如:

  My sister wears glasses. 我妹妹戴眼鏡。

  He often goes to the cinema. 他經(jīng)常去看電影。

  【注】詢問(wèn)某人的習(xí)慣時(shí),有時(shí)還可用ever。如:

  “Do you ever eat meat?” “No, I never eat meat.”“你吃肉嗎?”“從不吃肉。”

  2. 表示現(xiàn)在(或經(jīng)常性)的情況或狀態(tài)。如:

  Mother is ill. 母親病了。

  He is always like that. 他總是那樣。

  He likes living in the country. 他喜歡住在鄉(xiāng)下。

  We need a lot of money. 我們需要一大筆錢。

  3. 表示現(xiàn)在的能力、特征、職業(yè)等。如:

  He sings well. 他唱歌唱得好。

  Mr. Smith teaches French. 史密斯先生教法語(yǔ)。

  4. 表示客觀真理、科學(xué)事實(shí)、格言以及不受時(shí)間限制的客觀存在。如:

  Summer follows spring. 春去夏來(lái)。

  Knowledge is power. 知識(shí)就是力量。

  The earth turns around the sun. 地球繞著太陽(yáng)轉(zhuǎn)。

  一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來(lái)

  1. 當(dāng)主句為將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)或表示將來(lái)意義時(shí),時(shí)間和條件的狀語(yǔ)從句必須用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來(lái)。如:

  I’ll write to her when I have time. 我有空會(huì)給她寫(xiě)信。

  Turn off the lights before you leave. 走前關(guān)燈。

  If we hurry, we may catch the bus. 如果趕緊走我們可能趕得上公共汽車。

  Tell me in case you get into difficulty. 遇到困難請(qǐng)告訴我。

  【注】① 除表示時(shí)間和條件的狀語(yǔ)從句外,表示讓步、相似、比例的從句也必須用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)。如:

  I’ll follow him wherever he goes. 他去哪兒,我就跟著去哪兒。

  Whatever you say, I won’t pay. 無(wú)論你說(shuō)什么,我都不會(huì)付錢。

  Whether we help him or not, he will fail. 無(wú)論我們幫他與否,他都會(huì)失敗。

  I’ll have a good time whether I win or lose. 贏也好,輸也好,我都將會(huì)玩好。

  The more you eat, the fatter you will become. 你吃得越多就會(huì)越胖。

  ② 另外,當(dāng)主句為用將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)時(shí),定語(yǔ)從句也通常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來(lái)。如:

  I’ll give you anything you ask for. 你要什么我都給你。

  You can have anything I find. 我找到的任何東西你都可以拿去。

  Everyone who comes first will get a present. 每個(gè)先來(lái)的人都可得到一份禮物。

  2. 按照英語(yǔ)習(xí)慣,一個(gè)句子中若主要?jiǎng)釉~已經(jīng)表明了所談?wù)搫?dòng)作的時(shí)間,那么與之相關(guān)的其他動(dòng)詞就不必再次指明同一時(shí)間,而往往使用一個(gè)比較簡(jiǎn)單的時(shí)態(tài),如用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示一般將來(lái)時(shí)等。比較。如:

  This discovery means that we will spend less on food.這一發(fā)現(xiàn)意味著我們將減少在食品上的花費(fèi)。

  This discovery will mean that we spend less on food. 這一發(fā)現(xiàn)意味著我們將減少在食品上的花費(fèi)。

  3. 在make sure(弄清楚),make certain(弄清楚),take care(注意,當(dāng)心),be careful(注意,當(dāng)心),mind(注意),watch(注意)等后的that從句中通常也只用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)意義。如:

  Take care that it does not occur again. 注意別再發(fā)生這樣的事。

  We must take care that no one sees us. 我們必須注意別讓人看見(jiàn)我們。

  Make sure you come back soon. 你要保證快點(diǎn)回來(lái)。

  Be careful that you don’t hurt her feelings. 當(dāng)心別傷了她的感情。

  Watch that the baby doesn’t go near the heater. 注意別讓寶寶接近加熱器。

  Mind you read the examination questions carefully before you begin to answer them. 在答題前要注意仔細(xì)閱讀考題。

  【注】在it doesn’t matter, I don’t care, I don’t mind 等結(jié)構(gòu)(以及類似結(jié)構(gòu))后的名詞性從句也通常用一般現(xiàn)在表示將來(lái)意義。如:

  It doesn’t matter where we go on holiday. 我們?nèi)ツ膬憾燃俣夹小?br />
  Does it matter who goes first? 誰(shuí)先去這有關(guān)系嗎?

  I don’t care whether we win or lose. 我不在乎我們是贏還是輸。

  Don’t you care what happens to them? 難道你不關(guān)心他們出什么事了?

  4. 在I hope , I bet, see (to it) 等后的賓語(yǔ)從句中通常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)意義,但有時(shí)也可直接用將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)。如:

  I hope that you like [will like] it. 你希望你會(huì)喜歡它。

  I bet it rains [will rain] tomorrow. 我打賭明天會(huì)下雨。

  See (to it) that children don’t catch cold. 當(dāng)心別讓孩子感冒。

  I’ll see that nobody disturbs [will disturb] you. 我將確保沒(méi)人打擾你。

  【注】see (to it) 后的that從句通常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來(lái),直接用將來(lái)的情形較少見(jiàn)。

  5. 在as, than 引出的比較狀語(yǔ)從句中可用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái),也可直接用將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)。如:

  We’ll get there as soon as you do [will]. 你一到,我們就到。

  We’ll probably drive faster than you do [will]. 我們開(kāi)車很可能比你快。

  6. 表示按規(guī)定、時(shí)間表、計(jì)劃或安排要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。如:

  Are you on duty next weekend? 下周末你上班嗎?

  The train leaves at 12:00. 火車12點(diǎn)開(kāi)出。

  Where do we go now? 我們現(xiàn)在到哪里去?

  【注】用于此用法時(shí),句中通常有具體的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。

  7. 當(dāng)主句為將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)時(shí),與之相關(guān)的by the time后接的從句要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)意義。如:

  By the time he comes, I will have left. 等他到時(shí),我會(huì)已離開(kāi)了。

  The film will have started by the time we get to the cinema.我們到電影院時(shí)電影會(huì)已經(jīng)開(kāi)始了。

  8. 表示現(xiàn)在將要宣布某事。如:

  I declare the meeting open. 我宣布會(huì)議開(kāi)始。

  We learn Lesson Ten today. 今天我們學(xué)習(xí)第10課。

  9. 表示客觀性很強(qiáng)的將來(lái)。如:

  Today is Friday, so tomorrow is Saturday. 今天是星期五,所以明天是星期六。

  My birthday is on a Sunday this year. 我今年的生日在星期天。

  【注】有時(shí)說(shuō)話者對(duì)某一將來(lái)事實(shí)非常肯定,也用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。如:

  The future is bright. 前途是光明的。

  Final victory is ours. 最后的勝利是我們的。

  一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表過(guò)去

  1. 用于某些動(dòng)詞(tell, say, hear, learn, gather等)表示不確定的過(guò)去時(shí)間。如:

  John tells me you will leave tomorrow. 約翰告訴我你明天離開(kāi)。

  I hear that he got married last month. 我聽(tīng)說(shuō)他上個(gè)月結(jié)婚了。

  Mary says you told her to come over here. 瑪麗說(shuō)是你讓她到這兒來(lái)的。

  2. 當(dāng)要陳述一個(gè)客觀事實(shí)時(shí),有時(shí)即使有過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)也可用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。如:

  The story is set in the summer of 1937. 故事的背景是1937年夏天。

  The story begins in the year 1937. 故事開(kāi)始于1937年。

  一般將來(lái)時(shí)

  一般將來(lái)時(shí)的定義

  一般將來(lái)時(shí)表示在現(xiàn)在看來(lái)即將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。常用時(shí)間副詞tomorrow, soon或短語(yǔ)next year / week / month, in a few days, in the future, sometime 做狀語(yǔ)。如:

  What will you do this afternoon. 你今天下午干什么?

  We will have a meeting tomorrow. 我們明天要開(kāi)會(huì)。

  He is going to study abroad next year. 明年他要出國(guó)學(xué)習(xí)。

  一般將來(lái)時(shí)的結(jié)構(gòu)及應(yīng)用

  (1) shall / will + 動(dòng)詞原形。表示即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。特別是表示客觀性的事情或在某條件下要發(fā)生的事情,只能用此結(jié)構(gòu)。如:

  What shall we do if he doesn’t come? 如果他不來(lái),我們?cè)撛趺崔k?

  Will you be free this evening? 今天晚上有空嗎?

  I think he will tell us the truth. 我想他會(huì)告訴我們真實(shí)情況的。

  (2) be going to + 動(dòng)詞原形。表示已經(jīng)計(jì)劃或安排好了的事情,也可表示有跡象表明肯定要發(fā)生的事情。如:

  We are going to have a meeting to discuss the matter this evening. 今天晚上開(kāi)會(huì)討論這件事情。

  Look at the black clouds over there. I think it is going to rain soon. 看一看那邊的烏云,我想天要下雨了。

  There is going to be an English evening this week. 本周要舉行一個(gè)英語(yǔ)晚會(huì)。

  (3) be to + 動(dòng)詞原形。表示一種常規(guī)性的活動(dòng)或注定要做的事情。如:

  Who is to clean the classroom today? 今天該誰(shuí)打掃教室了?

  When are you to return your library book? 你什么時(shí)候要還圖書(shū)?

  The bridge is to be completed by the end of this year. 這渡橋該在今年年底前完工。

  (4) be about to + 動(dòng)詞原形。表示就要做或正好要做的事情。往往暗含一種時(shí)間上的巧合,因此,句子不能再用時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。如:

  Don’t leave. Li Lei is about to come. 不要走了,李蕾就要來(lái)了。

  Be quiet. The concert is about to start. 安靜下來(lái),音樂(lè)演唱會(huì)就要開(kāi)始了。

  (5) be +現(xiàn)在分詞。表示即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。這個(gè)句型中動(dòng)詞主要是瞬間動(dòng)詞:come, go, leave, arrive, begin, start, stop, close, open, die, join, borrow, buy等。如:

  Go ahead, and I’m coming. 走前面一點(diǎn)吧,我就來(lái)。

  The dog is dying. 那條狗要死了。

  Hurry up. The shop is closing. 快點(diǎn),商店就要關(guān)門了。

  (6) 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。表示一種嚴(yán)格按照計(jì)劃進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。比方說(shuō),上課、飛機(jī)起飛、火車離站等。如:

  Don’t hurry. The meeting starts at a quarter past eight. 不要匆忙,回憶八點(diǎn)過(guò)一刻開(kāi)始。

  The bus goes back at four thirty. 汽車四點(diǎn)返回。

  一般過(guò)去時(shí)

  一般過(guò)去時(shí)的定義

  一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)候或某一段時(shí)間所發(fā)生了的事情或存在的狀態(tài)。常與過(guò)去時(shí)間yesterday, this morning, just now, a moment ago, in May, last night / year / week, once upon a time, the other day, before …, when – clause, in the past連用。如:

  What did you do yesterday? 昨天你干了什么?

  I met Lin Tao this morning. 今天上午我會(huì)到了林濤。

  I was there a moment ago. 剛才我在那兒。

  一般過(guò)去時(shí)的應(yīng)用

  (1) 表示過(guò)去某時(shí)所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。如:

  Liu Ying was in America last year. 劉英去年在美國(guó)。

  Jim rang you just now. 吉姆剛才給你打了電話。

  (2) 表示過(guò)去經(jīng)常或反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。常接時(shí)間副詞often, usually, always, sometimes, every day / week, etc. 如:

  We often went out for a walk after supper. 我們過(guò)去常在晚飯后散步。

  We usually played together. 我們通常一起玩。

  一般過(guò)去時(shí)對(duì)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的要求

  一般過(guò)去時(shí)的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式。動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式的構(gòu)成分規(guī)則變化和不規(guī)則變化兩種形式,不規(guī)則變化通常需要逐個(gè)記憶,規(guī)則變化則遵循以下原則:

  (1) 一般在動(dòng)詞后加-ed。如:

  play—played, offer—offered, weigh—weighed, destroy— destroyed, sign—signed.

  (2) 在以字母e結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞后,只加-d。如:

  like—liked, provide—provided, hate — hated, date—dated。

  (3) 在以“輔音字母+y”結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞后,則改y為i,再加—ed。如:

  supply—supplied, fly—flied, study— studied.

  (4) 在以單短元音的重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾且,末尾只有一個(gè)輔音字母的動(dòng)詞后,雙寫(xiě)最后一個(gè)輔音字母,再加-ed。如:

  plan—planned, refer—referred, regret—regretted, ban—banned.

  特別說(shuō)明

  有些動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去時(shí),如:expect, hope, intend, plan, wanted 等一般過(guò)去時(shí),后接不定式的完成時(shí);或它們的過(guò)去完成時(shí)接不定式的一般式,都可表示過(guò)去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的意圖、打算或希望。如:

  I hoped to have been invited to his wedding party. —I had hoped to be invited to his wedding ceremony. 我本希望他來(lái)邀請(qǐng)我參加他的婚禮。

  I intended to have joined their games. —I had intended to join their games. 我本打算參加他們的比賽。

  過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)

  過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)的定義

  過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)主要用于表示過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)候看來(lái)即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。如:

  He said he would come here next Friday. 他說(shuō)他下周星期五來(lái)這兒。

  I knew that he would help us when we were in trouble. 我知道當(dāng)我們陷入困境時(shí)它會(huì)幫助我們。

  過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)的結(jié)構(gòu)

  (1) would + 動(dòng)詞原形。如:

  She told us that she would try her best to catch up with other classmates this term. 她告訴我們說(shuō)她將一切努力在本期趕上其他同學(xué)們。

  When you asked Li Lei for help, he would never refuse you. 過(guò)去當(dāng)你請(qǐng)她幫忙時(shí),他絕不會(huì)拒絕。

  (2) was / were going to + 動(dòng)詞原形。如:

  He told us that he was going to attend the meeting. 他告訴我說(shuō)他要參加那次會(huì)議。

  He said that I was going to be sent to meet her at the railway station. 他說(shuō)將要拍我去火車站接她

  (3) was / were to + 動(dòng)詞原形。如:

  The building was to be completed next month. 這座建筑改在下個(gè)月竣工。

  Li Lei was to arrive soon. 李蕾很快就要到了。

  (4) was / were about to + 動(dòng)詞原形。如:

  We were about to leave there when it began to rain heavily and suddenly. 就在我們要離開(kāi)時(shí),天突然下起了大雨。

  He was about to have lunch when the bell rang. 就在他要吃中飯的時(shí)候,門鈴響起來(lái)了。

  (5) was / were +現(xiàn)在分詞。如:

  He was leaving the next day. 他第二天要走了。

  We were informed that the leaders were coming to our school soon. 我們接到通知說(shuō)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)們很快要來(lái)我們學(xué)校。

  過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)的用法

  (1) 過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí),一般用于主句為過(guò)去時(shí)的賓語(yǔ)從句中。如:

  He said he would stay with us. 他說(shuō)他要與我們呆在一起。

  He said he would never go there again. 他說(shuō)他絕不會(huì)再去那兒。

  (2) 過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí),用于虛擬語(yǔ)氣中,如:

  If I were you, I would not do that. 要是我是你的話,我就不會(huì)那樣做。

  If he were here, he would show us how to do it. 如果他在這兒,他就會(huì)向我們展示該如何做了。

  拓展

  was / were going to + 動(dòng)詞原形;was / were to + 動(dòng)詞原形;was / were about to + 動(dòng)詞原形等結(jié)構(gòu)都可表達(dá)當(dāng)時(shí)一種未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的意圖或打算。如:

  The conference was going to be held the next month. 會(huì)議下個(gè)月開(kāi)。

  We were to have our class at eight. 八點(diǎn)我們?cè)撋险n了。

  I was about to tell him about it when Wu Dong got in. 就在我要告訴他時(shí),吳東進(jìn)來(lái)了。

  現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)

  現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的定義

  現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)主要用于表示目前正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,有時(shí)也可表示現(xiàn)階段在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。如:

  The teacher is giving us an English lesson. 老師正在給我們上英語(yǔ)課。

  The farmers are getting in their crops. 農(nóng)民們正在收割莊稼。

  We are making preparations for the conference. 我們一直在為會(huì)議作準(zhǔn)備。

  現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的結(jié)構(gòu)

  現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)由“am / is / are + 現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成。如:

  I’m studying at Yu Cai Senior Middle school. 我在育才中學(xué)讀書(shū)。

  He is writing on the desk. 他再課桌上寫(xiě)字。

  They are talking about their visiting the Great Wall. 他們?cè)谡務(wù)撚伍L(zhǎng)城的事情。

  【說(shuō)明】動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在分詞的構(gòu)成方法:

  (1) 一般在動(dòng)詞后加-ing。如:

  say—saying, play—playing, think—thinking, study—studying, teach —teaching, blow—blowing, build—building.

  (2) 動(dòng)詞若以-e結(jié)尾, 則去e再加-ing。如:

  love—loving, make—making, guide—guiding, date—dating.

  (3) 在以單短元音的重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾,且末尾只有一個(gè)輔音字母的動(dòng)詞后,雙寫(xiě)最后一個(gè)輔音字母,再加-ing。如:

  begin—beginning, regret—regretting, plan—planning, ban — banning.

  (4) 在以ie結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞后,改ie為y,再加-ing。如:

  lie—lying, die—dying, tie—tying.

  (5) 在以-c[k] 結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞后加-king。如:

  picnic—picnicking, panic—panicking.

  現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的應(yīng)用

  (1) 表示目前正在發(fā)生或進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。如:

  They are planting trees on the mountain. 他們?cè)谏缴现矘?shù)。

  Mother is preparing supper in the kitchen. 母親在廚房做晚飯。

  (2) 有些非持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的進(jìn)行時(shí)可以表示動(dòng)作即將進(jìn)行或發(fā)生,或表示動(dòng)作的重復(fù)。如:

  He is joining the army. 他要參軍了。

  They are buying the house. 他們要買那座房子。

  (3) 當(dāng)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)中有always, forever, constantly, continually修飾時(shí),表示說(shuō)話人的贊賞或厭煩的感情。如:

  Why is the baby always crying? 為什么那個(gè)老是在哭。

  They are always helping us. 他們總是幫助我們。

  注意:表示狀態(tài)、感覺(jué)、心理活動(dòng)的靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞,一般不使用語(yǔ)進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。

  現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)與一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的區(qū)別

  (1) 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)目前正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,而一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作。如:

  I’m reading a story now. 我在看一個(gè)故事。(目前正在干的事情)

  I read stories in my spare time. 我有空時(shí)看故事。(經(jīng)常性的行為)

  (2) 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)現(xiàn)階段一直在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,而一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)只表動(dòng)作的重復(fù),而不表示動(dòng)作的持續(xù)。如:

  What are you doing these days? 這幾天你在干什么?

  They are learning English in the summer holiday. 他們暑假在學(xué)英語(yǔ)。

  They read English every day. 他們每天讀英語(yǔ)。

  They play volleyball every Sunday. 他們每周星期天都打排球。

  (3) 表示短促動(dòng)作的動(dòng)詞(如 jump, knock, beat, pick, skip等)的進(jìn)行時(shí),表示動(dòng)作的重復(fù)。如:

  The girls are jumping over there. 女孩子們?cè)谀沁吿?br />
  His heart is beating fast. 他的心臟跳得很快。

  (5) 某些表示希望或想法的動(dòng)詞(如hope, wonder, want等)的進(jìn)行時(shí)可以表示委婉客氣。如:

  I’m wondering whether you can help us now. 我不知道你現(xiàn)在能否給我們幫一忙。

  I’m hoping that you will succeed. 我正在希望你成功呢。

  過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)

  過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的定義

  過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)主要表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,或表示過(guò)去某一階段一直在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。如:

  I was having a talk with Li Hua at that time. 那時(shí),我正在跟李華談話。

  I was watching TV at home last night. 昨晚我一直在看電視。

  過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的結(jié)構(gòu)

  過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)由“was / were + 現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成。如:

  I was doing my lessons then. 那時(shí),我在做功課。

  We were cleaning the house. 我們?cè)诖驋叻孔印?br />
  使用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)應(yīng)注意的幾點(diǎn)

  (1) 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)可表示按計(jì)劃、安排過(guò)去某時(shí)刻將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。如:

  He said they were leaving for Beijing this afternoon. 他說(shuō)他今天下午要去北京。

  (2) 動(dòng)詞hope, wonder等的過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)常用來(lái)表示提出要求,雖然表示現(xiàn)在的內(nèi)容,但語(yǔ)氣比一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)或一般過(guò)去時(shí)要委婉。如:

  I was wondering whether you could come to join us. 我想你能否過(guò)來(lái)跟我們一起活動(dòng)?

  (3) 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)中有always, forever, continually, constantly修飾時(shí),表示說(shuō)話人的贊賞或厭煩的感情。如:

  He was always thinking of others. 他總是想到人家。

  過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí)的區(qū)別

  (1) 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作在過(guò)去某時(shí)刻正在進(jìn)行或持續(xù),而一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示動(dòng)作的完成。如:

  He was writing his composition last night. 他昨晚在寫(xiě)作文。(不一定寫(xiě)完)

  He wrote his composition last night. 他昨晚寫(xiě)了一篇作文。(已經(jīng)寫(xiě)完)

  (2) 表示過(guò)去的狀態(tài)、感覺(jué)及心理活動(dòng)的靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞(如be, like, love, hate, fear, own, hear, see, know, want, notice)可用于一般過(guò)去時(shí),但通常不用于進(jìn)行時(shí)。如:

  I hated it when a man spoke with his mouth full of food. 我討厭人們說(shuō)話時(shí)口里含著食物。

  (3) 一般過(guò)去時(shí)與always, constantly, forever, continually等連用,表示“過(guò)去經(jīng)常性、習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作”;而過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)與always, constantly, forever, continually等連用,表示動(dòng)作的重復(fù),常帶有感情的色彩。如:

  He always got up at six. 他過(guò)去總是六點(diǎn)起床。

  He was always thinking of his work. 他總是一心想到工作。

  (4) 有時(shí)過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)可以用來(lái)替換一般過(guò)去時(shí),但一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示主語(yǔ)的行為是經(jīng)過(guò)認(rèn)真考慮的;而過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示一種較隨便或沒(méi)有進(jìn)行仔細(xì)考慮的行為。如:

  I thought that he would agree with us. 我原以為它會(huì)同意我們的。

  I was thinking of persuading him to follow my advice. 我想到了要說(shuō)服他接受我們的建議。

  現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)

  現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的定義

  現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)既可表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在所造成的結(jié)果或影響(此時(shí)通常連用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有already, yet, just, ever, before),也可表示動(dòng)作從過(guò)去某時(shí)間開(kāi)始,一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,并且還有可能持續(xù)下去(此時(shí)通常連用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有this month / week / year, these days, recently / lately, in the past few + 時(shí)間段, since +時(shí)間點(diǎn), for + 時(shí)間段)。如:

  I have just finished my work. 我把工作做完。

  Have you ever been to Beijing? 你曾經(jīng)去過(guò)北京嗎?

  I have lived for ten years. 我在這兒住了十年了。

  We have studied here since 2003. 我們自2003年來(lái)就在這兒讀書(shū)了。

  現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的結(jié)構(gòu)

  現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)由“have / has + 過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成。

  現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的應(yīng)用

  (1) 非持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞go, come, leave, borrow, buy, die, join的完成時(shí)的肯定式不能與時(shí)間段連用,若要接用時(shí)間段狀語(yǔ),則應(yīng)換成相應(yīng)的持續(xù)動(dòng)詞或狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞。如:

  He has left. 他走了。

  He has been away for an hour. 他走了一個(gè)小時(shí)了。

  Can I borrow that book? 我可以借那本書(shū)嗎?

  How long can I keep the book? 這本書(shū)我可借多久?

  注意:非持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的否定完成時(shí)可與時(shí)間段狀語(yǔ)連用。如:

  He has not borrowed the book since then. 從此以后,他再也沒(méi)有借這本書(shū)了。

  (2) have / has been to 表示曾經(jīng)去過(guò)某地,但現(xiàn)在不在那兒;have / has gone to表示現(xiàn)在已去某地,現(xiàn)在不在這兒。如:

  He has been to Canada, but now he is working in our company. 他去過(guò)加拿大,現(xiàn)在在我們公司工作。

  Mr. Li is not at home. He has gone to Shanghai. 李先生不在家,他去上海了。

  (3) 完成時(shí)的肯定式常用already,而否定式和疑問(wèn)句常用yet,但若already用于疑問(wèn)句時(shí),表示一種出乎意外的驚訝。如:

  Have you read it already? 你就看完了?

  現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與其他時(shí)態(tài)的區(qū)別

  (1) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí)的區(qū)別:現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的結(jié)果或?qū)ΜF(xiàn)在的影響,屬于現(xiàn)在時(shí)的范疇;一般過(guò)去時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作所發(fā)生的時(shí)間,屬于過(guò)去時(shí)的范疇。因此,過(guò)去時(shí)需跟過(guò)去時(shí)間連用或有表過(guò)去時(shí)間的上下文連用,而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)不能與過(guò)去時(shí)間連用。如:

  I read the book two weeks ago. 我兩周前讀了這本書(shū)。

  I have read the book for two weeks. 這本書(shū)我讀過(guò)兩周了。

  (2) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí):現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在或剛結(jié)束;而現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)只強(qiáng)調(diào)目前的狀態(tài)。如:

  They have talked for about two hours. 他們談了大約兩個(gè)小時(shí)。(強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的持續(xù))

  They are talking. 他們?cè)谡勗挕?(強(qiáng)調(diào)目前的狀態(tài))

  過(guò)去完成時(shí)

  過(guò)去完成時(shí)的定義

  過(guò)去完成時(shí)既可表示過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間或動(dòng)作之前所發(fā)生的事情(常用時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有already, before, ever, just, never, still, yet),也可表示過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間或動(dòng)作之前所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作一直持續(xù)到過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間(常接時(shí)間狀語(yǔ):since +時(shí)間點(diǎn), for + 時(shí)間段)。如:

  When I got to the station, the train had left. 當(dāng)我到達(dá)車站時(shí),火車已經(jīng)開(kāi)走了。

  We had learnt fifteen lessons by last week. 到上周為止,我們學(xué)完了十五篇課文。

  He had stayed here for two days before he left. 他走之前在這兒呆了兩天。

  He said that he had lived there since he was ten. 他說(shuō)他十歲起就住在那兒了。

  過(guò)去完成時(shí)的結(jié)構(gòu)

  過(guò)去完成時(shí)由“had + 過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成。

  過(guò)去完成時(shí)的應(yīng)用

  (1) 與過(guò)去完成時(shí)連用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)可以多種多樣,使用它的主要依據(jù)是看其是否發(fā)生在“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”。如:

  He had learnt some English before I went here. 在來(lái)這兒之前我學(xué)過(guò)一些英語(yǔ)。

  He had written three stories by last year. 到去年他已經(jīng)寫(xiě)了三篇故事。

  We had cleaned the room when he got there. 當(dāng)他到那兒時(shí),我們已經(jīng)把房子弄干凈了。

  He went there after he had finished his work. 他把事做完之后,就去哪兒了。

  注意:當(dāng)主句跟由before, after, as soon as所引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間從句的動(dòng)作連接很緊密時(shí),從句也可用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。

  He went there after he read the letter. 他看了那封信后就去那兒了。

  (2) 過(guò)去完成時(shí)還經(jīng)常用于主句為過(guò)去時(shí)的賓語(yǔ)從句中。如:

  He said he had been a soldier. 他說(shuō)他當(dāng)過(guò)兵。

  They said they had seen the film. 他們說(shuō)這幕電影他們看過(guò)。

  (3) 在hardly / scarcely …when…, no sooner…than… 兩個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)中的主句通常要用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。如:

  Hardly had I told her the news when she began to cry out. 她一聽(tīng)到這一消息就大哭了起來(lái)。

  Scarcely had he finished his supper when he went out. 他已吃完晚飯就出去了。

  No sooner had he fallen asleep than he lay down on the bed. 他一躺倒床上就睡著了。

  (4) 動(dòng)詞expect, hope, suppose, think, want等的過(guò)去完成時(shí)可用來(lái)表示未實(shí)現(xiàn)的計(jì)劃、打算或希望。如:

  I had hoped to see you. 我本希望來(lái)看你。

  He had wanted to buy a house in Beijing. 他本想在北京買棟房子。

  過(guò)去完成時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí)

  (1) 過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示以過(guò)去某時(shí)間為起點(diǎn)以前所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài),即:過(guò)去完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”,而一般過(guò)去時(shí)只表示以現(xiàn)在時(shí)間為起點(diǎn)以前所發(fā)生的事情或存在的狀態(tài)。如:

  He studied there two years ago. 他在那兒學(xué)習(xí)了兩年。(離現(xiàn)在兩年)

  He said he had studied there two years ago. 他說(shuō)他在那兒學(xué)習(xí)了兩年。(離他說(shuō)話時(shí)兩年)

  (2) 表示過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間以前所連續(xù)發(fā)生的兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的動(dòng)作時(shí),一般用and, then, but按照動(dòng)作的先后順序連接,此時(shí)通常用一般過(guò)去時(shí)而不用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。如:

  He said he went the shop and bought some food. 他說(shuō)他去商店買了一些食品。

  將來(lái)完成時(shí)

  將來(lái)完成時(shí)的基本用法

  表示到將來(lái)某個(gè)時(shí)間為止勢(shì)必會(huì)完成或預(yù)計(jì)要完成的動(dòng)作,由“will [shall]+have+過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成:

  He will have arrived by now. 他現(xiàn)在應(yīng)當(dāng)已經(jīng)到了。

  He will have gone back to England.他想必回英國(guó)去了。

  When we get there,she’ll have gone to work. 我們到那里時(shí)她會(huì)已上班去了。

  On Monday he’ll have been in Britain for three years. 到星期一,他在英國(guó)就滿三年了。

  現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)、過(guò)去完成時(shí)與將來(lái)完成的區(qū)別

  現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)以現(xiàn)在時(shí)間為參照點(diǎn),表示在“現(xiàn)在”以前完成的動(dòng)作或持續(xù)到“現(xiàn)在”的狀態(tài),過(guò)去完成時(shí)則以過(guò)去時(shí)間為參照點(diǎn),表示在“過(guò)去”某一時(shí)間以前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或持續(xù)到“過(guò)去”某一時(shí)間的狀態(tài),將來(lái)完成時(shí)則以將來(lái)時(shí)間為參照點(diǎn),表示在“將來(lái)”某一時(shí)間為止已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作或持續(xù)到“將來(lái)”某一時(shí)間的狀態(tài):

  He has finished writing his novel. 他已寫(xiě)完了他的小說(shuō)。

  He had finished writing his novel by the end of last year. 去年年底他就寫(xiě)完他的小說(shuō)。

  He will have finished writing his novel by the end of next year. 到明年年底他就會(huì)寫(xiě)完他的小說(shuō)了。

  與一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替一般將來(lái)時(shí)一樣,在表示時(shí)間或者條件的狀語(yǔ)從句,通常要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)來(lái)表示將來(lái)完成時(shí),而不能直接使用將來(lái)完成時(shí):

  I will go with you when I have finished my work. 等我完成工作之后我就同你去。

  若不強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的完成(且不致于引起歧義),有時(shí)也可用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí):

  I will go with you when I finish my work. 我完成工作后就同你去。

  過(guò)去將來(lái)完成時(shí)

  構(gòu)成方法

  過(guò)去將來(lái)完成時(shí)由“would+have+過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成。

  用法及用例

  過(guò)去將來(lái)完成時(shí)表示在過(guò)去看來(lái)將來(lái)某時(shí)會(huì)已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作:

  She said she’d have finished her exams by then. 她說(shuō)那時(shí)她會(huì)已經(jīng)考完試了。

  I thought Sophia would have told you something. 我想索菲婭會(huì)已告訴你一地情況。

  I thought you would have finished by now. 我想你現(xiàn)在一定已經(jīng)干完了。

  There are a lot of things I should have liked to ask you. 有好些事我本想問(wèn)你的。

  He knew by the time he arrived she would have gone home. 他知道他到時(shí)她會(huì)已經(jīng)回家了。

  Well, well! Who would have guessed it! 真是的! 這誰(shuí)會(huì)想到呀!

  過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)

  結(jié)構(gòu)形式

  過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)由“had been+現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成,因此無(wú)人稱變化。

  用法歸納

  1.過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示持續(xù)到過(guò)去某時(shí)的一個(gè)動(dòng)作(可算是現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的過(guò)去式):

  The ground was wet. It had been raining. 地是濕的。此前一直在下雨。

  At last the bus came. I had been waiting for half an hour. 最后公共汽車來(lái)了,我已等了半小時(shí)。

  She was out of breath. She had been running. 她氣喘吁吁,她一直在跑來(lái)著。

  He gave up smoking last year. He’d been smoking for twenty years. 去年他戒煙了。他抽煙已經(jīng)二十年。

  2.過(guò)去時(shí)間可用一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)表示:

  When I first met her, she had been working in the company for ten years. 我第一次見(jiàn)到她時(shí),她在那家公司已工作十年了。

  I had not been waiting long when a taxi drew up. 我沒(méi)等多久就來(lái)了一輛出租車。

  She had been looking at the parcel for some time before she realized that it was for her mother. 這包裹她看了好一會(huì)兒才明白這是寄給她媽的。

  Until/Up till then she had been living with her daughter. 到那時(shí)為止她一直和她女兒一起住。

  3.但在更多情況下過(guò)去時(shí)間由另一句子表示出來(lái),毋需加上時(shí)間狀語(yǔ):

  Her eyes were red. It was obvious she had been crying. 她眼睛紅紅的,顯然她是哭了。

  Jane was annoyed. Peter had been phoning her every night. 簡(jiǎn)很不高興。彼得一直每晚給打電話。

  He was very tired. He had been working all day. 他很累。他干了一整天活。

  She couldn’t understand him. She hadn’t been learning English long. 她不懂他的話。她學(xué)語(yǔ)的時(shí)間還不長(zhǎng)。

  I woke up—I had been having a bad dream. 我醒了,我做了個(gè)惡夢(mèng)。

  She was very tired. She had been typing letters all day. 她很累了。她整天都在打信件。

  Her eyes were red. It was obvious she had been crying. 她的眼睛紅了,顯然她剛哭過(guò)。

  We had been doing business with each other for years before we quarrelled. 在吵翻之前,我們多年來(lái)在業(yè)務(wù)上一直來(lái)往。

  When I first met Ann, she had been working for Exxon for 15 years. 我第一次遇到安的時(shí)候,她已在埃克森公司干了15年了。

  Jenny was annoyed. Jim had been phoning her every night for a whole week. 詹妮生氣了。整整一星期,吉姆天天晚上都給她打電話。

  4.有時(shí)上下文可說(shuō)明是談過(guò)去的事,因此不需要時(shí)間狀語(yǔ):

  She had been watching TV all day. 她看了一天的電視。

  I had been reading your book. 我一直在看你寫(xiě)的書(shū)。

  The rain had been pouring all night. 傾盆大雨下了一整夜。

  We had been travelling in many countries. 我們一直在許多國(guó)家旅游。

  5.這個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)也可用在某些從句中,這時(shí)從句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句的動(dòng)作之前而對(duì)其有影響:

  I heard you’d been looking for me. 我聽(tīng)說(shuō)你一直在找我。

  That was just the letter I had been expecting. 這正是我一直期待的信。

  That was exactly what we had been trying to do. 這正是我們一直想做的事。

  I wanted to know what had been going on. 我想知道一直在發(fā)生什么事。

  The drive increased the fatigue she had been feeling. 開(kāi)車增加了她一直感到疲憊感覺(jué)。

  They said that they had been fighting for their rights all these years. 他們說(shuō)這些年來(lái)他們一直在為他們的權(quán)利而斗爭(zhēng)。

  特別補(bǔ)充

  1.凡不能用于進(jìn)行時(shí)的動(dòng)詞均不能有這種時(shí)態(tài),但動(dòng)詞want (有時(shí)還有wish) 除外。如:

  The boy was delighted with his new knife. He had been wanting one for a long time. 男孩對(duì)新小刀很高興。他早就想要一把了。

  2.過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)沒(méi)有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

  將來(lái)完成進(jìn)行時(shí)

  結(jié)構(gòu)形式

  將來(lái)完成進(jìn)行時(shí)由“will / shall have been+現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成。

  用法歸納

  用法一:表示動(dòng)作從某一時(shí)間開(kāi)始一直延續(xù)到將來(lái)某一時(shí)間,至于是否繼續(xù)下去,要視上下文而定。如:

  She will have been having treatment all her life. 她將終生受到治療。

  By the end of next month he will have been here for ten years. 到下月底,他在這兒就夠十年了。

  By this time next year, we will have been doing business with each other for 20 years. 到明年這時(shí)候,我們的業(yè)務(wù)住來(lái)就滿20年了。

  By the end of this year he’ll have been acting for thirty years. 到今年年底他當(dāng)演員就滿30年了。

  用法二:表示一種經(jīng)常性反復(fù)進(jìn)行的持續(xù)性動(dòng)作。如:

  By the end of this month he will have been training horses for twenty years. 到了這個(gè)月底他馴馬就滿20年了。

  By the end of this month he will have been climbing mountains for twenty years. 到了這個(gè)月底他登山就滿20年了。

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