高考英語閱讀理解的常見題型及解題方法

　　一、主旨大意題

　　主旨大意題主要考查學(xué)生對所讀材料(或所讀材料片斷)中心思想的概括。做這類題時，考生應(yīng)通讀全文，把握文章大意或中心思想，同時注意文章的主題句，因?yàn)橹黝}句表達(dá)中心思想，其他句子均圍繞主題句進(jìn)行展開。主題句通常位于文章第一段首句、第一段末句或全文末句等地方，但位于段落中間(通常是第一段或最后一段的中間)也是完全可能的。主旨大意題的考查形式很多，如概括標(biāo)題、主題、段意、中心思想等。請看2005年浙江卷中的一個段落：

　　In the course of working my way through school, I took many jobs I would rather forget. But none of these jobs was as dreadful as my job in an apple plant. The work was hard; the pay was poor; and, most of all, the working conditions were terrible.

　　◎What is the subject discussed in the text?

　　A. The writer’s unhappy school life

　　B. The writer’s eagerness to earn money

　　C. The writer’s experience as a full-time worker

　　D. The writer’s hard work in an apple plant

　　原文共有五個自然段，上面摘錄的只是文章的第1個自然段，但是如果考生訓(xùn)練有素的話，只要讀完這個段落就可猜出此題的答案了。因?yàn)槲恼碌谝痪湔fIn the course of working my way through school, I took many jobs I would rather forget，接著作者用but引出一個新的情況(即主題句)：none of these jobs was as dreadful as my job in an apple plant. 再接下來又說：The work was hard; the pay was poor; and, most of all, the working conditions were terrible. 聰明的讀者至此應(yīng)該可以猜測到，下面的幾個段落肯定是介紹這個apple plant 的work是如何的hard，它的pay是如何的poor，它的working conditions 是如何的terrible 等。比較四個選項(xiàng)，只有選項(xiàng)D所表述內(nèi)容合乎上面的分析，故選D。

　　二、事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題

　　顧名思義，事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題即指針對文章的某個事實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié)而設(shè)置的試題。事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題的命題方法很多，如可能是對某個細(xì)節(jié)用同義結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換后進(jìn)行考查、也可能是將文章中的幾個細(xì)節(jié)(通常是四個)放在一起要求考生判斷是非(選出正確的一項(xiàng)或選出錯誤的一項(xiàng))或?qū)�幾個細(xì)節(jié)進(jìn)行排序等。解答這類試題時，一個常用的方法就是運(yùn)用定位法，即根據(jù)題干或選項(xiàng)中的線索詞從原文中找到相關(guān)的句子，與選項(xiàng)進(jìn)行比較從而確定答案(此時要特別注意一些常見的同義轉(zhuǎn)換或簡單換算)。請看200年安徽卷中的一道事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題：

　　Tuition Fees(學(xué)費(fèi))

　　Tuition fees are different from department to department, generally from $5,000 to $6,000 a year. For further information: tui@waikato.ac.nz

　　Accommodation(住宿)

　　You can have a room in a 4-bedrcom flat, which will cost about $100 a month with other regular living costs of about $150 a month for one person. For further information: ave@walkato.ac.nz

　　◎You have to pay at least ______ a year if you study at the University of Waikato.

　　A. $5,250              B. $8,000              C. $9,000             D. $11,000

　　根據(jù)Tuition fees一節(jié)的內(nèi)容可知，一年的學(xué)費(fèi)最低為5,000美元，再根據(jù)Accommodation(住宿)一節(jié)可知，除學(xué)費(fèi)外，還有住宿費(fèi)(每月100美元)和生活費(fèi)(每月150美元)，即一年大約共3,000美元，所以在WaiKato大學(xué)讀書一年至少要花費(fèi)5,000+3,000=8,000美元，故答案為B。

　　三、代詞指代題

　　這類題要求考生根據(jù)一定的上下文推測代詞的指代意義，它主要考查考生在一定語境中對上下文邏輯關(guān)系的正確理解。做這類題時，考生不僅要讀懂相關(guān)句子的句意，理順相關(guān)句子的邏輯關(guān)系，而且還要學(xué)會合理變通，尤其要學(xué)會變通理解其中的同義表達(dá)。請看2005年天津卷中的一個片斷和一個道詞義猜測題：

　　Many creative thinkers state that they have completely devoted themselves to the subject matter of the problem, often over fairly long periods of time. Indeed, it would be strange if they had not done this. Nothing in such statements supports the idea that there is anything very different about the problem solving that leads to discoveries of the great contributions to the society. The act of discovery, even in the relatively predictable(可以預(yù)見的) sense that it occurs in everyday learning, involves(涉及) a “sudden insight” which changes the problem situation into a solution situation. As we have seen, everyday discovery also requires that the learner have the knowledge of the rules gained in the past, which is involved in the solution.

　　◎What does the underlined word “this” refer to?

　　A. Great contributions to the society.

　　B. Long-time study of the subject matter.

　　C. Various statements about problem solving.

　　D. Complete devotion to artistic creation.

　　此題答案選B。答案的直接依據(jù)是文章中的Many creative thinkers state that they have completely devoted themselves to the subject matter of the problem, often over fairly long periods of time. Indeed, it would be strange if they had not done this 這兩句話。從句意和句子結(jié)構(gòu)上看，this在此指代的應(yīng)是they have completely devoted themselves to the subject matter of the problem, often over fairly long periods of time，比較四個選項(xiàng)，只有B與之吻合，因?yàn)檫x項(xiàng)中的long-time與原文中的over fairly long periods of time屬同義表達(dá)，選項(xiàng)中的study of the subject matter 與原文中的devoted themselves to the subject matter of the problem屬同義表達(dá)。

　　四、詞義猜測題

　　即要求考生根據(jù)一定的上下文猜測生詞的詞義。它是高考英語閱讀理解中的一個難點(diǎn)，同學(xué)們應(yīng)引起充分重視。猜測生詞詞義的方法很多，常用的有同義解釋法、因果推斷法、前后對比法、基本構(gòu)詞法、語境理解法、舉例說明法、常識背景法、類屬分析法等。請看2005年安徽卷中一道詞義猜測題：

　　More American people take their troubles with them on holiday, according to a new survey. Although 40 percent said that the main reason for going away is to escape pressure(壓力) from work, almost all said they worry more than they do at home. Only four in every 100 said that they are happy and free of care.

　　◎The underlined word “survey” in the first paragraph most probably means ______.

　　A. research              B. review             C. exhibition           D. examination

　　此題答案選A。比較四個選項(xiàng)，同時結(jié)合常識，文中所提到的事實(shí)和數(shù)據(jù)應(yīng)該是“調(diào)查和研究”得出的（其他幾個選項(xiàng)可排除）。

　　五、推理判斷題

　　即要求考生在理解原文表面文字信息的基礎(chǔ)上，作出一定的判斷和推理，從而得出文章的隱含意義和深層意義。推理判斷題屬于主觀性較強(qiáng)的高層次閱讀理解題，做這類題目時，同學(xué)們應(yīng)嚴(yán)格依據(jù)作者所陳述的細(xì)節(jié)、事實(shí)以及作者的措詞、態(tài)度和語氣等，找出能夠表露作者思想傾向和感情色彩的詞語，然后利用自己已獲得的相關(guān)知識進(jìn)行推理判斷，從而得出符合邏輯的結(jié)論。此時應(yīng)特別注意：當(dāng)問及作者的看法、意圖與態(tài)度時，不要誤認(rèn)為是在問“你”(考生)的想法，而是作者本人在字里行間所表述的觀點(diǎn)。請看2005年全國卷中的一個段落：

　　Now the task I face in harvesting the fruit is twofold: First, I have to find the red ones among the leaves, which means I almost have to stand on my head, and once found I have to reach down and under, pick the tomatoes and withdraw(縮回) my full fist without dropping the prize so dearly won. I found two full-blown white roses completely hidden as I picked tomatoes in June, but they were weak and the leaves already yellow for lack of light.

　　◎By saying “the prize so dearly won” in paragraph 5, the writer wants to ______.

　　A. show the difficulty in picking the tomatoes

　　B. show the hardship of growing the roses

　　C. express her liking for the roses

　　D. express her care for the tomatoes

　　本文大意講的是作者在春天偶然栽種的一棵西紅柿長成后非常大，影響到園中的玫瑰花，作者在享受西紅柿美味的同時，又難以割舍珍貴的玫瑰花，面對兩種選擇，作者舉棋不定。

　　此題要求考生推測作者說the prize so dearly won的意圖，屬推理判斷題。此題答案選A，其推理依據(jù)主要有以下幾點(diǎn)：一是作者在第1句用了 the task一詞，將摘西紅柿看成是一項(xiàng)“任務(wù)”；二是作者在三個地方用了have to，表示摘西紅柿不容易；三是作者還用了stand on my head, reach down and under…等夸張性用詞，充分說明了摘西紅柿的難度。比較四個選項(xiàng)，顯然只有選項(xiàng)A最佳。

　　請?jiān)倏匆坏栏呖颊骖}實(shí)例：

　　Maybe ten-year-old Elizabeth put it best when she said to her father. “But, Dad, you can’t be healthy if you’re dead.”

　　Dad, in a hurry to get home before dark so he could go for a run, had forgotten to wear his safety belt—a mistake 75% of the US population make every day. The big question is why.

　　◎Why did Elizabeth say to her father, “But, Dad, you can’t be healthy if you’re dead?

　　A. He was driving at great speed.

　　B. He was running across the street.

　　C. He didn’t have his safety belt on.

　　D. He didn’t take his medicine on time.

　　10歲的女兒對父親說：“爸爸，你若死了，也就不可能健康了。”女兒為什么這樣說呢？下文告訴我們：父親匆匆忙忙在天黑之前開車趕回家，以便跑步鍛煉身體，但卻在開車回家時忘記系安全帶。顯然女兒是在責(zé)備父親未系安全帶開車，由此可推知答案應(yīng)選 C。